by Daniel J. Solove
Why does privacy matter? Often courts and commentators struggle to articulate why privacy is valuable. They see privacy violations as often slight annoyances. But privacy matters a lot more than that. Here are 10 reasons why privacy matters.
1. Limit on Power
Privacy is a limit on government power, as well as the power of private sector companies. The more someone knows about us, the more power they can have over us. Personal data is used to make very important decisions in our lives. Personal data can be used to affect our reputations; and it can be used to influence our decisions and shape our behavior. It can be used as a tool to exercise control over us. And in the wrong hands, personal data can be used to cause us great harm.
2. Respect for Individuals
Privacy is about respecting individuals. If a person has a reasonable desire to keep something private, it is disrespectful to ignore that person’s wishes without a compelling reason to do so. Of course, the desire for privacy can conflict with important values, so privacy may not always win out in the balance. Sometimes people’s desires for privacy are just brushed aside because of a view that the harm in doing so is trivial. Even if this doesn’t cause major injury, it demonstrates a lack of respect for that person. In a sense it is saying: “I care about my interests, but I don’t care about yours.”
3. Reputation Management
Privacy enables people to manage their reputations. How we are judged by others affects our opportunities, friendships, and overall well-being. Although we can’t have complete control over our reputations, we must have some ability to protect our reputations from being unfairly harmed. Protecting reputation depends on protecting against not only falsehoods but also certain truths. Knowing private details about people’s lives doesn’t necessarily lead to more accurate judgment about people. People judge badly, they judge in haste, they judge out of context, they judge without hearing the whole story, and they judge with hypocrisy. Privacy helps people protect themselves from these troublesome judgments.
4. Maintaining Appropriate Social Boundaries
People establish boundaries from others in society. These boundaries are both physical and informational. We need places of solitude to retreat to, places where we are free of the gaze of others in order to relax and feel at ease. We also establish informational boundaries, and we have an elaborate set of these boundaries for the many different relationships we have. Privacy helps people manage these boundaries. Breaches of these boundaries can create awkward social situations and damage our relationships. Privacy is also helpful to reduce the social friction we encounter in life. Most people don’t want everybody to know everything about them – hence the phrase “none of your business.” And sometimes we don’t want to know everything about other people — hence the phrase “too much information.”
5. Trust
In relationships, whether personal, professional, governmental, or commercial, we depend upon trusting the other party. Breaches of confidentiality are breaches of that trust. In professional relationships such as our relationships with doctors and lawyers, this trust is key to maintaining candor in the relationship. Likewise, we trust other people we interact with as well as the companies we do business with. When trust is breached in one relationship, that could make us more reluctant to trust in other relationships.
6. Control Over One’s Life
Personal data is essential to so many decisions made about us, from whether we get a loan, a license or a job to our personal and professional reputations. Personal data is used to determine whether we are investigated by the government, or searched at the airport, or denied the ability to fly. Indeed, personal data affects nearly everything, including what messages and content we see on the Internet. Without having knowledge of what data is being used, how it is being used, the ability to correct and amend it, we are virtually helpless in today’s world. Moreover, we are helpless without the ability to have a say in how our data is used or the ability to object and have legitimate grievances be heard when data uses can harm us. One of the hallmarks of freedom is having autonomy and control over our lives, and we can’t have that if so many important decisions about us are being made in secret without our awareness or participation.
7. Freedom of Thought and Speech
Privacy is key to freedom of thought. A watchful eye over everything we read or watch can chill us from exploring ideas outside the mainstream. Privacy is also key to protecting speaking unpopular messages. And privacy doesn’t just protect fringe activities. We may want to criticize people we know to others yet not share that criticism with the world. A person might want to explore ideas that their family or friends or colleagues dislike.
8. Freedom of Social and Political Activities
Privacy helps protect our ability to associate with other people and engage in political activity. A key component of freedom of political association is the ability to do so with privacy if one chooses. We protect privacy at the ballot because of the concern that failing to do so would chill people’s voting their true conscience. Privacy of the associations and activities that lead up to going to the voting booth matters as well, because this is how we form and discuss our political beliefs. The watchful eye can disrupt and unduly influence these activities.
9. Ability to Change and Have Second Chances
Many people are not static; they change and grow throughout their lives. There is a great value in the ability to have a second chance, to be able to move beyond a mistake, to be able to reinvent oneself. Privacy nurtures this ability. It allows people to grow and mature without being shackled with all the foolish things they might have done in the past. Certainly, not all misdeeds should be shielded, but some should be, because we want to encourage and facilitate growth and improvement.
10. Not Having to Explain or Justify Oneself
An important reason why privacy matters is not having to explain or justify oneself. We may do a lot of things which, if judged from afar by others lacking complete knowledge or understanding, may seem odd or embarrassing or worse. It can be a heavy burden if we constantly have to wonder how everything we do will be perceived by others and have to be at the ready to explain.
Related Posts and Resources
Privacy Resources
Professor Solove’s Privacy Training Courses
Privacy Training and Data Security Training Requirements Guide
GDPR Training Guide
Privacy Training Matters
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This post was authored by Professor Daniel J. Solove, who through TeachPrivacy develops computer-based privacy training, data security training, HIPAA training, and many other forms of training on privacy and security topics. This post was originally posted on his blog at LinkedIn, where Solove is an “LinkedIn Influencer.” His blog has more than 1 million followers.
If you are interested in privacy and data security issues, there are many great ways Professor Solove can help you stay informed:
* Professor Solove’s LinkedIn Influencer blog
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I'm an expert in privacy and data security, with a deep understanding of the concepts discussed in the article by Daniel J. Solove. My expertise is grounded in years of practical experience, research, and a comprehensive understanding of the legal and ethical aspects of privacy.
In the article, Solove outlines 10 reasons why privacy matters, shedding light on the multifaceted significance of safeguarding personal information. Let's delve into each of these concepts:
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Limit on Power: Privacy serves as a check on government and private sector power. Personal data, when in the wrong hands, can be wielded to manipulate individuals, influence decisions, and potentially cause harm.
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Respect for Individuals: Privacy is fundamentally about respecting individuals' wishes to keep certain aspects of their lives private. Disregarding these desires without a compelling reason demonstrates a lack of respect for the person.
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Reputation Management: Privacy enables individuals to manage their reputations. Protecting against not only falsehoods but also certain truths, privacy helps shield individuals from hasty and unfair judgments that can affect their opportunities and well-being.
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Maintaining Appropriate Social Boundaries: Privacy allows individuals to establish both physical and informational boundaries in society. Breaches of these boundaries can lead to social awkwardness and damage relationships, emphasizing the importance of managing and respecting these limits.
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Trust: Trust is a cornerstone of personal, professional, governmental, and commercial relationships. Breaches of confidentiality erode trust, making individuals more reluctant to engage in future relationships.
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Control Over One’s Life: Personal data is integral to decisions affecting various aspects of our lives. Without knowledge of how data is used and the ability to control its use, individuals become vulnerable, losing autonomy and the ability to participate in decisions that impact them.
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Freedom of Thought and Speech: Privacy is essential for freedom of thought, protecting individuals from external influences that might chill the exploration of unconventional ideas. It also safeguards the expression of unpopular opinions.
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Freedom of Social and Political Activities: Privacy is crucial for protecting the ability to associate with others and engage in political activities without fear of undue influence or disruption.
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Ability to Change and Have Second Chances: Privacy nurtures the ability to grow and mature without being burdened by past mistakes, allowing individuals to have second chances and reinvent themselves.
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Not Having to Explain or Justify Oneself: Privacy eliminates the burden of constantly justifying one's actions to others. It allows individuals to engage in activities without the constant worry of external judgment.
Daniel J. Solove, a renowned expert in privacy, emphasizes these points to underscore the critical importance of privacy in our lives. His insights, built on a solid foundation of expertise, provide a compelling argument for the protection of personal information in a world where data is increasingly pervasive and powerful.
