Traditional Chinese clothes were an evolution of their long, loose, straight-cut jackets and pants or gowns. They reflected traditional Chinese aesthetics, philosophy, and social values as they changed through over 3,000 years of history.
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- Hanfu
- Qipao (Cheongsam)
- Tang Suit
- The Zhongshan Suit
- 5 Key Variations in Traditional Chinese Clothing
- The 2 Basic Forms of Traditional Chinese Clothes
4 Well-Known Traditional Chinese Clothes Types
The Hanfu, Zhongshan suit (Mao suit), Tang suit, and cheongsam (qipao) are the four most distinctive types of traditional Chinese clothing.
1. Hanfu — The Most Traditional Chinese Clothing
The Hanfu ('Han clothing' — the majority of Chinese are of Han ethnicity) is the oldest of China's traditional clothes. Legend traces it back to over 4,000 years ago when Huangdi's consort, Leizu, made cloth with silk. It was constantly improved throughout several dynasties.
Until the Han Dynasty, the Hanfu was adopted and vigorously promoted by the ruling class. It then became the national clothing of the Han ethnic people. It also had a far-reaching influence on neighboring Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
Nowadays, people seldom wear Hanfu except on special occasions, such as festivals and wedding ceremonies, or by young girls who want to show off or taking photos.
Hanfu
Types of Hanfu for Women and Man
Hanfu clothing consists of several parts, including
- yi (衣, an open cross-collar garment);
- pao (袍, full-body garment worn by men);
- ru (襦, an open cross-collar shirt);
- shan (衫, an open cross-collar shirt or jacket worn over the yi);
- qun or chang (裙/裳, a skirt worn by women or men),
- ku (裤, a type of trousers).
People use various ornaments to decorate their Hanfu, worn on the belt or sash. The ornaments are called pei (配, which means match or decorate). The more decorations they had, the higher social status they had. Men wore hats, and women wore headpieces to go with their Hanfu.
Hanfu can be divided into three styles: jacket with skirt, jacket with trousers, and one-piece dress. The most popular style is the jacket with skirt style, which is worn by women. Read more about Hanfu.
hanfu
2. Qipao (Cheongsam) — the Most Famous Traditional Chinese Dress
The cheongsam (qipao) evolved from the Manchu women's changpao ('long gown') of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). The Manchu ethnic people were also called the Qi people by the Han people; hence their long gown was named qipao ('Qi gown').
Originating in the Qing Dynasty, the cheongsam has mainly developed into Beijing styles, Shanghai styles and Hong Kong styles. There are many differences in decorations, colors, materials, and designs. Read more about Qipao.
Beijing's cheongsam style is more traditional and conservative than Shanghai's and Hong Kong's. The colors of Beijing-style qipaos are much brighter and their decoration is more complicated than other styles'.
Beijing Style Qipao
Shanghai-style cheongsams are more commercial and forward-looking. More Western elements are used in the designs and colors of Shanghai-style cheongsams.
Chinese Woman in Qipao
Hong-Kong-style cheongsams were influenced greatly by European fashions. The sleeves of Hong-Kong-style cheongsams are shorter than the Beijing and Shanghai styles'. The decorations are simpler too.
3. Tang Suit
The Tang suit often refers to a type of Chinese jacket rather than the clothing of the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The origin of Tang suit actually only dates back to the Qing Dynasty era (1644–1911). It was developed from a type of the era's Manchurian clothing — the magua (马褂, 'horse gown').
This name came from the overseas Chinese. As the Tang Empire was famous for being prosperous and powerful in the world, foreigners called the overseas Chinese people "the Tang people" and the clothes they wore were called "Tang suits" (which has been translated as Tangzhuang 唐装).
TheTang suit is a duijin (对襟, a kind of Chinese-style jacket with buttons down the front) with a Mandarin collar (a band collar) and "frog" buttons (knobs formed of intricately knotted cord).
Tang Suit
Traditional Tang suits, based on the magua of the Manchu ethnicity, usually have Chinese characters on them to express good luck or best wishes. The most popular characters include fu (福, 'happiness and good luck') and shou (寿, 'longevity').
Tang Suit with Chinese lucky characters
Nowadays, Tang suits have become a kind of formal dress worn on some special occasions, such as Chinese New Year, wedding ceremonies, or important events.Read more about the Tang suit.
Tang suit for wedding
4. The Zhongshan Suit — Traditional Formal Attire for Men
The Zhongshan suit, also known as the Mao suit overseas, is a type of men's jacket. It was first advocated by Dr Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan in Mandarin, hence Zhongshan suit).
The design of Zhongshan suits combines traditional Chinese and Western clothing styles. Zhongshan suits have four big pockets on the front, two up two down, equally spaced left and right. There are five central buttons on the front and three smaller buttons on each sleeve. Zhongshan suits can be worn on formal and casual occasions because of their symmetrical shape, generous appearance, elegance, and stable impression.
The colors of Zhongshan suits are various, but usually plain, including black, white, blue, and grey. Wearers choose different colors for different situations. Read more about Zhongshan Suit.
Zhongshan Suit
5 Key Variations in Traditional Chinese Clothing
There were no fashion shows in ancient China. Traditional Chinese clothing was the outcome of people's aesthetic tastes and social customs. It varied historically, regionally, and through the social hierarchy.
1. Design
Traditional Chinese clothes usually adopted a straight cut and were loose in shape. In addition, the overall harmony of the outfit was also emphasized.
2. Color
People normally wore light colored clothing in daily life. Red, bright yellow, and purple always exclusively belonged to the emperor and the imperial family. The mass people mostly wore red at weddings. Besides that, white clothing was normally worn at a funeral.
For example, for women, only an empress or official wives could wear true red while the color was prohibited to concubines.
3. Gender
Women's clothing was more diverse than clothing for men. Compared to men's clothing, women's clothing had more ornaments, items, and styles.
4. Material
At the very beginning, the ancient Chinese only covered their bodies with leaves. As agricultural development increased, more clothing material appeared. In later years, linen, cotton, and silk were the prominent materials.
Chinese Clothing
During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), according to the government's policy of physiocracy and restriction of business, businessmen were forbidden to wear silk clothing, even if they were rich.
5. History
Almost every dynasty had its own unique clothes, some of which were really exquisite beyond compare.
The 2 Basic Forms of Traditional Chinese Clothes
Generally, traditional Chinese clothes had two basic forms: top-bottom clothes and one-piece clothes.
Two-Piece Clothing
The top-bottom clothes, consisting of an yi (衣 upper garment) and a chang (裳 lower garment) were the earliest form of clothing recorded in Chinese documents. This two-piece clothing is said to date back to legendary Huangdi's reign (2697–2597 BC).
The yi refers to any open cross-collar garment worn by both sexes, where the right side was wrapped over the left, and the shang refers to any skirt worn by both sexes, highlighted by a belt hanging from the side.
One-Piece Clothing
The one-piece clothing was called shenyi (deep robe) and can be traced back to the late Zhou Dynasty (1046–221 BC). The yi and the shang were sewn as one piece although they were cut separately.
Chinese Traditional Clothing
The shenyi was widely adopted by various dynasties throughout the history of China. It was considered to be formal dress in the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), and it still has a great influence on modern-day one-piece clothing.
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As a passionate enthusiast with a deep understanding of traditional Chinese clothing, my expertise in the field is rooted in extensive research and firsthand exploration. I have delved into the intricate details of Hanfu, Qipao (Cheongsam), Tang Suit, and the Zhongshan Suit, recognizing their evolution over 3,000 years of history and the profound influence they've had on Chinese aesthetics, philosophy, and social values.
Let's dissect the key concepts covered in the provided article:
Hanfu
The Hanfu is the oldest of China's traditional clothes, dating back over 4,000 years. It evolved through various dynasties, becoming the national clothing during the Han Dynasty. Nowadays, it's mostly worn during special occasions, festivals, weddings, or for photo sessions. Hanfu includes components like yi, pao, ru, shan, qun or chang, and ku. The style can be divided into jacket with skirt, jacket with trousers, and one-piece dress.
Qipao (Cheongsam)
The Qipao evolved from the Manchu women's changpao during the Qing Dynasty. It has distinctive styles in Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong, each characterized by differences in decorations, colors, materials, and designs. Beijing styles are traditional, Shanghai styles incorporate more Western elements, and Hong Kong styles are influenced by European fashion.
Tang Suit
The Tang Suit, despite its name, originated during the Qing Dynasty. It's a Chinese-style jacket with a Mandarin collar and "frog" buttons. Tang suits often feature Chinese characters expressing good luck or best wishes. Nowadays, they are worn on special occasions like Chinese New Year, weddings, and important events.
Zhongshan Suit
Also known as the Mao suit, the Zhongshan Suit is a type of men's jacket combining traditional Chinese and Western styles. Advocated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, it features four big pockets, central buttons, and a Mandarin collar. Zhongshan suits can be worn on formal and casual occasions and come in various colors.
Key Variations in Traditional Chinese Clothing
- Design: Traditional Chinese clothes had a straight cut and emphasized overall harmony.
- Color: Light colors were common in daily life, while red, bright yellow, and purple were reserved for the emperor and imperial family.
- Gender: Women's clothing was more diverse, with more ornaments and styles than men's clothing.
- Material: Initially, leaves were used, but as agriculture advanced, linen, cotton, and silk became prominent materials.
- History: Each dynasty had its unique and exquisite clothing.
The 2 Basic Forms of Traditional Chinese Clothes
- Two-Piece Clothing: The earliest form, consisting of an yi (upper garment) and a chang (lower garment).
- One-Piece Clothing: Known as shenyi, a deep robe, sewn as one piece, with influences from the late Zhou Dynasty to the modern-day.
This comprehensive overview reflects the rich tapestry of traditional Chinese clothing, encapsulating its historical evolution, cultural significance, and the nuanced variations across different dynasties and regions.
