A Therapeutic Challenge in the 21 Century (2024)

[1] Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations 2014.[2] Laxminarayan R, Matsoso P, Pant S, et al. Access to effective antimicrobials: A worldwide challenge. Lancet 2016; 387(10014): 168-75.
[3] World Health Organization Health in 2015: From MDGs to SDGs 2015.[4] Fair RJ, Tor Y. Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspect Medicin Chem 2014; 6: 25-64.
[5] Tanwar J, Das S, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Multidrug resistance: An emerging crisis. Interdiscip perspect infect dis 2014; 2014: 541340.
[6] Davies J, Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2010; 74(3): 417-33.
[7] Nikaido H. Multidrug resistance in bacteria. Annu Rev Biochem 2009; 78: 119-46.
[8] Chambers HF. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci: Molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10(4): 781-91.
[9] Chambers HF, Deleo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7(9): 629-41.
[10] Han LL, McDougal LK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. High frequencies of clindamycin and tetracycline resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pulsed-field type USA300 isolates collected at a Boston ambulatory health center. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45(4): 1350-2.
[11] Coque TM, Baquero F, Canton R. Increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Euro Surveill 2008; 13(47): 1-11.
[12] Liakopoulos A, Mevius D, Ceccarelli D. A review of SHV Extended-Spectrum β-lactamases: Neglected yet ubiquitous. Front Microbiol 2016; 7: 1374.
[13] Shirley M. Ceftazidime-Avibactam: A review in the treatment of serious gram-negative bacterial infections. Drugs 2018; 78(6): 675-92.
[14] Turner NA, Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Maskarinec SA, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An overview of basic and clinical research. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17(4): 203-18.
[15] Todar K. Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology 2006.[16] Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, et al. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5(12): 751-62.
[17] Verhoeven PO, Gagnaire J, Botelho-Nevers E, et al. Detection and clinical relevance of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage: An update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12(1): 75-89.
[18] Coates R, Moran J, Horsburgh MJ. Staphylococci: Colonizers and pathogens of human skin. Future Microbiol 2014; 9(1): 75-91.
[19] Williams REO. Healthy carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: its prevalence and importance. Bacteriol Rev 1963; 27: 56-71.
[20] Nouwen JL, Fieren MW, Snijders S, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A. Persistent (not intermittent) nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is the determinant of CPD-related infections. Kidney Int 2005; 67(3): 1084-92.
[21] Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10(3): 505-20.
[22] Eriksen NH, Espersen F, Rosdahl VT, Jensen K. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among 104 healthy persons during a 19-month period. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 115(1): 51-60.
[23] Verhoeven PO, Gagnaire J, Botelho-Nevers E, et al. Detection and clinical relevance of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage: An update. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12(1): 75-89.
[24] Jevons MP. Celbenin-resistant Staphylococci. Br Med J 1: 124-5.
[25] Murray BE, Moellering RC Jr. Patterns and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Med Clin North Am 1978; 62(5): 899-923.
[26] Eriksen KR, Erichsen I. Resistance to methicillin, isoxazolyl penicillins, and cephalothin in Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1964; 62: 255-75.
[27] Enright MC, Robinson DA, Randle G, Feil EJ, Grundmann H, Spratt BG. The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(11): 7687-92.
[28] Gomes AR, Westh H, de Lencastre H. Origins and evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50(10): 3237-44.
[29] Chen CJ, Huang YC. New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20(7): 605-23.
[30] Lowy FD. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(8): 520-32.
[31] Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. hospitals, 1975-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992; 13(10): 582-6.
[32] Dulon M, Peters C, Schablon A, Nienhaus A. MRSA carriage among healthcare workers in non-outbreak settings in Europe and the United States: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 363.
[33] Classification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec): guidelines for reporting novel SCCmec elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53(12): 4961-7.
[34] Hall GS. MRSA: Lab detection, epidemiology, and infection control. Microbiology. Frontline 2003; 3: 1-6.[35] Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298(15): 1763-71.
[36] Elixhauser A, Steiner C. Infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in US hospitals, 1993–2005: statistical brief #35 2007.[37] de Kraker ME, Wolkewitz M, Davey PG, et al. Clinical impact of antimicrobial resistance in European hospitals: Excess mortality and length of hospital stay related to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55(4): 1598-605.
[38] Kesah C, Ben Redjeb S, Odugbemi TO, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in eight African hospitals and Malta. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9(2): 153-6.
[39] Chen CJ, Huang YC. New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20(7): 605-23.
[40] Durai R, Ng PC, Hoque H. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An update. AORN J 2010; 91(5): 599-606.
[41] Boyce JM. Are the epidemiology and microbiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus changing? JAMA 1998; 279(8): 623-4.
[42] Feil EJ, Nickerson EK, Chantratita N, et al. Rapid detection of the pandemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone ST 239, a dominant strain in Asian hospitals. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46(4): 1520-2.
[43] Abdulgader SM, sh*ttu AO, Nicol MP, Kaba M. Molecular epidemiology of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Africa: A systematic review. Front Microbiol 2015; 6: 348.
[44] Roberts RB, Chung M, de Lencastre H, et al. Distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones among health care facilities in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Microb Drug Resist 2000; 6(3): 245-51.
[45] Pardos de la Gandara M, Curry M, Berger J, et al. MRSA causing infections in hospitals in greater metropolitan New York: Major shift in the dominant clonal type between 1996 and 2014. PLoS One 2016; 11(6): e0156924.
[46] Denis O, Deplano A, Nonhoff C, et al. National surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Belgian hospitals indicates rapid diversification of epidemic clones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48(9): 3625-9.
[47] Strommenger B, Cuny C, Werner G, Witte W. Obvious lack of association between dynamics of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in central Europe and agr specificity groups. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23(1): 15-9.
[48] Melter O, Urbásková P, Jakubů V, Macková B, Zemlicková H. Emergence of EMRSA-15 clone in hospitals throughout the Czech Republic. Euro Surveill 2006; 11(8): E060803.6.
[49] Conceição T, Aires-de-Sousa M, Füzi M, et al. Replacement of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Hungary over time: a 10-year surveillance study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13(10): 971-9.
[50] Pérez-Roth E, Lorenzo-Díaz F, Batista N, Moreno A, Méndez-Alvarez S. Tracking methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones during a 5-year period (1998 to 2002) in a Spanish hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(10): 4649-56.
[51] Aires-de-Sousa M, Correia B, de Lencastre H. Changing patterns in frequency of recovery of five methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Portuguese hospitals: Surveillance over a 16-year period. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46(9): 2912-7.
[52] Laurent F, Lelièvre H, Cornu M, et al. Fitness and competitive growth advantage of new gentamicin-susceptible MRSA clones spreading in French hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47(3): 277-83.
[53] Knight GM, Budd EL, Whitney L, et al. Shift in dominant hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) clones over time. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67(10): 2514-22.
[54] Hsu LY, Harris SR, Chlebowicz MA, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus within a healthcare system. Genome Biol 2015; 16: 81.
[55] DeLeo FR, Chambers HF. Reemergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. J Clin Invest 2009; 119(9): 2464-74.
[56] Durai R, Ng PC, Hoque H. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An update. AORN J 2010; 91(5): 599-606.
[57] Boyce JM. Are the epidemiology and microbiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus changing? JAMA 1998; 279(8): 623-4.
[58] Lindenmayer JM, Schoenfeld S, O’Grady R, Carney JK. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a high school wrestling team and the surrounding community. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158(8): 895-9.
[59] Akram J, Glatt AE. True community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998; 19(2): 106-7.
[60] Popovich KJ, Weinstein RA, Hota B. Are community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains replacing traditional nosocomial MRSA strains? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46(6): 787-94.
[61] Bassetti M, Nicco E, Mikulska M. Why is community-associated MRSA spreading across the world and how will it change clinical practice? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34(Suppl. 1): S15-9.
[62] Bal AM, Coombs GW, Holden MTG, et al. Genomic insights into the emergence and spread of international clones of healthcare-, community and livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Blurring of the traditional definitions. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 6: 95-101.
[63] Cuny C, Wieler LH, Witte W. Livestock-associated MRSA: The impact on humans. antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4(4): 521-43.
[64] Strauß L, Stegger M, Akpaka PE, et al. Origin, evolution, and global transmission of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus ST8. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2017; 114(49): E10596-604.
[65] Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S. The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2(5): a000414.
[66] Aminov RI. Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota. Front Microbiol 2011; 2: 158.
[67] Medeiros AA. Evolution and dissemination of beta-lactamases accelerated by generations of beta-lactam antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24(Suppl. 1): S19-45.
[68] Bush K. The ABCD’s of β-lactamase nomenclature. J Infect Chemother 2013; 19(4): 549-59.
[69] Blair JMA, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJV. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13(1): 42-51.
[70] Knothe H, Shah P, Krcmery V, Antal M, Mitsuhashi S. Transferable resistance to cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefamandole and cefuroxime in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. Infection 1983; 11(6): 315-7.
[71] Altayb HN, El Amin NM, Mukhtar MM, Salih MA, Siddig MAM. Molecular characterization and in silico analysis of a novel mutation in TEM-1 beta-lactamase gene among pathogenic E. coli infecting a Sudanese patient. Afr J Microbiol Res 2014; 2(6): 217-23.[72] Wang G, Huang T, Surendraiah PKM, et al. CTX-M β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in suburban New York City, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(11): 1803-10.
[73] Ma L, Ishii Y, Ishiguro M, Matsuzawa H, Yamaguchi K. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding Toho-2, a class A β-lactamase preferentially inhibited by tazobactam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42(5): 1181-6.
[74] Rossolini GM, D’Andrea MM, Mugnaioli C. The spread of CTX-M-type Extended-Spectrum beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(Suppl. 1): 33-41.
[75] Rogers BA, Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL. Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: A pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66(1): 1-14.
[76] Cantón R, González-Alba JM, Galán JC. CTX-M enzymes: Origin and diffusion. Front Microbiol 2012; 3: 110.
[77] Jaurin B, Grundström T. AmpC cephalosporinase of Escherichia coli K-12 has a different evolutionary origin from that of β-lactamases of the penicillinase type. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78(8): 4897-901.
[78] Rand KH, Turner B, Seifert H, Hansen C, Johnson JA, Zimmer A. Clinical laboratory detection of AmpC β-lactamase: Does it affect patient outcome? Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135(4): 572-6.
[79] Peter-Getzlaff S, Polsfuss S, Poledica M, et al. Detection of AmpC beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli: Comparison of three phenotypic confirmation assays and genetic analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49(8): 2924-32.
[80] Lakshmi R, Nusrin KS, Ann GS, Sreelakshmi KS. Role of beta lactamases in antibiotic resistance: A review. Int Res J Pharm 2014; 5(2): 37-40.
[81] Cottell JL, Webber MA, Piddock LJ. Persistence of transferable ESBL resistance in the absence of antibiotic pressure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56(9): 4703-6.
[82] Cottell JL, Saw HTH, Webber MA, Piddock LJV. Functional genomics to identify the factors contributing to successful persistence and global spread of an antibiotic resistance plasmid. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14: 168.
[83] Hoban DJ, Lascols C, Nicolle LE, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae, including molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing species, in urinary tract isolates from hospitalized patients in North America and Europe: results from the SMART study 2009-2010. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 74(1): 62-7.
[84] Bell JM, Chitsaz M, Turnidge JD, Barton M, Walters LJ, Jones RN. Prevalence and significance of a negative Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) confirmation test result after a positive ESBL screening test result for isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: Results from the SENTRY Asia-Pacific Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45(5): 1478-82.
[85] Storberg V. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Africa - a non-systematic literature review of research published 2008-2012. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2014; 4: 10.
[86] Hanberger H, Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Gobernado M, Goossens H, Nilsson LE, Struelens MJ. Antibiotic susceptibility among aerobic gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units in 5 European countries. JAMA 1999; 281(1): 67-71.
[87] Global tuberculosis report, 2015 WHO/HTM/TB/201522 2016.[88] Wahl B, O’Brien KL, Greenbaum A, et al. Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000-15. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6(7): e744-57.
[89] Donkor ES, Adegbola RA, Wren BW, Antonio M. Population biology of Streptococcus pneumoniae in West Africa: Multilocus sequence typing of serotypes that exhibit different predisposition to invasive disease and carriage. PLoS One 2013; 8(1): e53925.
[90] Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2010; 375(9730): 1969-87.
[91] Damanka S, Adiku TK, Armah G, et al. 2015; Rotavirus infection in children with diarrhoea at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana. Jpn J Infect Dis 69(4): 331-4.
A Therapeutic Challenge in the 21 Century (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Lakeisha Bayer VM

Last Updated:

Views: 6277

Rating: 4.9 / 5 (69 voted)

Reviews: 92% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Lakeisha Bayer VM

Birthday: 1997-10-17

Address: Suite 835 34136 Adrian Mountains, Floydton, UT 81036

Phone: +3571527672278

Job: Manufacturing Agent

Hobby: Skimboarding, Photography, Roller skating, Knife making, Paintball, Embroidery, Gunsmithing

Introduction: My name is Lakeisha Bayer VM, I am a brainy, kind, enchanting, healthy, lovely, clean, witty person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.