More than half of married couples in the United States say sharing household chores is “very important” to a successful marriage. But when it comes to grocery shopping and cooking, women tend to say they’re the ones usually doing the work, according to a time-use survey sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
In U.S. households consisting of married or cohabiting parents and one or more children under the age of 18, 80% of mothers say they are the household member who usually prepares the meals – the same as the share who say they are the primary grocery shopper, according to a Pew Research Center analysis. Some 71% of moms say they primarily handle both chores.
This compares with about two-in-ten fathers in this type of household who say they are the person who usually prepares the meals (19%) or grocery shops (20%). About one-in-ten (11%) say they are the one who usually does both tasks.
Dads are about twice as likely as moms to say these chores are split equally: 20% of dads say meal preparation is split equally, compared with 10% of moms. There is a similar pattern for grocery shopping (23% vs. 11%).
Given that moms are much more likely than dads to say they are the primary meal preparers, it’s not surprising that they spend more time than dads, on average, on meal preparation – which includes food and kitchen cleanup after meals.
Moms spend an average of 68 minutes per day on meal preparation, vs. 23 minutes for dads. Among parents who usually prepare the meals, mothers spend more than an hour (about 75 minutes) on average on it per day, compared with 43 minutes among fathers. The gender difference persists among parents who say they do notusually handle meal preparation: Mothers in this category spend an average of 30 minutes on meal prep daily, while fathers spend around 15 minutes.
Among parents who grocery shop, meanwhile, the average length of time spent at the grocery store in a day is about the same for both moms and dads (roughly 45 minutes each).
Same pattern among childless couples
In households consisting of two married or cohabiting adults and no children, men and women fill less of their time with these chores – but women still report spending more time in the kitchen. Overall, women spend 52 minutes a day on meal prep, vs. 22 minutes for men.
Women in this group who usually prepare meals spend around an hour a day (59 minutes) on average on prep, while men who usually do this spend an average of 39 minutes per day on these tasks.
Women without kids who don’t usually prepare meals still report spending 23 minutes on that task, on average. Men spend an average of just 14 minutes.
Over the past 50 years, American women (particularly mothers) have increased the amount of time they spend in paid work, and men (especially fathers) have taken on more obligations at home. Still, on average, U.S. women spend fewer hours in paid work than men, which may partially explain the gender imbalance in time spent on food prep and grocery shopping.
About this analysis
This analysis is based on data from the Eating and Health (EH) Module of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). The ATUS has been sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and annually conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau since 2003. The ATUS produces a nationally representative sample of respondents, drawn from the Current Population Survey.
The analysis looked at households with two married or cohabiting adults. Although the analysis focuses on opposite-sex couples, it may include a small number of same sex couples.
BLS and the Census Bureau worked with the U.S. Agriculture Department’s Economic Research Service, the Food and Nutrition Service and the National Cancer Institute to conduct the EH Module, a supplement to the ATUS fielded in 2006-2008 and 2014-2016.
To increase sample size, multiple years of data were combined: Analyses are based on respondents in the 2014-2016 modules.
These time diaries track in detail how Americans spend their time, focusing on each respondent’s primary activity (i.e., the main thing they were doing) sequentially for the prior day, including the start and end times for each activity. The 2014-16 EH Module asks ATUS respondents about topics including secondary eating; soft drink consumption; grocery shopping preferences and fast food purchases; meal preparation and food safety practices; and food assistance participation.
Katherine Schaeffer is a research analyst at Pew Research Center.
As a seasoned expert in the field of time use, household dynamics, and gender roles, I bring forth a wealth of knowledge to dissect and analyze the intricate patterns revealed in the provided article. My expertise is grounded in a comprehensive understanding of data analysis methodologies, particularly those related to the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and the Eating and Health (EH) Module conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the U.S. Census Bureau.
The evidence presented in this article, derived from the ATUS and EH Module data spanning multiple years (2014-2016), offers a nuanced glimpse into the division of household chores, particularly in the realms of meal preparation and grocery shopping. The reliability of this information is bolstered by the nationally representative sample drawn from the Current Population Survey, ensuring the applicability of findings to a broader societal context.
Now, delving into the concepts touched upon in the article:
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Household Chores and Gender Roles: The article underscores the prevailing disparity in the division of household chores, focusing on meal preparation and grocery shopping within married or cohabiting couples. Notably, women tend to take on a more significant role in these activities.
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Parental Responsibilities: Within households comprising married or cohabiting parents with children under 18, mothers predominantly identify themselves as the primary meal preparers and grocery shoppers. Fathers, in contrast, are less likely to take on these roles, with a notable gender gap in reported time spent on these activities.
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Time Allocation: A key revelation is the substantial difference in the average time spent by mothers and fathers on meal preparation. Mothers invest significantly more time, averaging 68 minutes per day compared to fathers' 23 minutes. This temporal gender divide persists even among parents who do not usually handle meal preparation.
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Childless Couples: The article extends its analysis to households without children, revealing that while the overall time spent on chores is reduced, women still tend to spend more time on meal preparation compared to men.
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Evolution of Gender Roles Over Time: The article contextualizes the observed trends by highlighting the changes in gender roles over the past 50 years. Despite increased participation of women in paid work, there remains a noticeable gender imbalance in the time allocated to food preparation and grocery shopping.
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Methodological Framework: The analysis emphasizes the reliability and robustness of the methodology employed, drawing on the ATUS and EH Module data. The careful consideration of primary activities, sequential time diaries, and a nationally representative sample enhances the credibility of the findings.
In conclusion, this analysis sheds light on the intricate interplay of gender roles, time allocation, and household dynamics, showcasing the persistent patterns that have evolved over time. The comprehensive nature of the data and the meticulous analysis conducted by experts such as Katherine Schaeffer provide valuable insights into the societal dynamics surrounding these essential aspects of family life.
