Conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine: a master switch in renal health and disease (2024)

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  • Conversion of extracellular ATP into adenosine: a master switch in renal health and disease (2024)

    FAQs

    How is ATP converted to adenosine? ›

    When one phosphate group is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond in a process called hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Likewise, energy is also released when a phosphate is removed from ADP to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

    What does ATP do in the kidney? ›

    Release of ATP from the cell allows it to initiate various extracellular purinergic signalling pathways. Purinergic signalling has been shown to regulate physiological processes in the kidney such as water and sodium homeostasis, tubular, glomerular and vascular functions, renal blood flow and autoregulation.

    What is the conversion of ATP? ›

    This conversion from ATP to ADP is an extremely crucial reaction for the supplying of energy for life processes. Just the cutting of one bond with the accompanying rearrangement is sufficient to liberate about 7.3 kilocalories per mole = 30.6 kJ/mol. This is about the same as the energy in a single peanut.

    What are the mechanisms of ATP release by inflammatory cells? ›

    ATP can be released by cells via pannexin channels after injury and during inflammation, acting immune stimulatory by engagement of P2X receptors (P2XR). It can be degraded by the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73, resulting in increased levels of Ado in the extracellular environment.

    How does adenosine affect the kidneys? ›

    Adenosine lowers glomerular filtration rate by constricting afferent arterioles, especially in superficial nephrons, and thus lowers the salt load and transport work of the kidney consistent with the concept of metabolic control of organ function.

    What is the process of converting ATP into energy in the human body? ›

    Through metabolic processes, ATP becomes hydrolyzed into ADP, or further to AMP, and free inorganic phosphate groups. The process of ATP hydrolysis to ADP is energetically favorable, yielding Gibbs-free energy of -7.3 cal/mol.

    What happens when ATP is too high? ›

    However, excess ATP leads to neuronal dysfunction and death [25] and is a prerequisite for the realization of the cellular apoptosis cascade [26]. In this case, the mitochondria resulting from fusion may be too large for mitochondrial transport. ...

    What organ is responsible for ATP? ›

    We turn over approximately our own body weight in ATP each day, and almost all of this is generated by mitochondria, primarily within muscle, brain, liver, heart and gastrointestinal tract.

    What does ATP do to the body? ›

    ATP is consumed for energy in processes including ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and chemical synthesis.

    How much energy does ATP give you? ›

    ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate and it is the energy currency of the cell. The hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP to Adenosine Diphosphate ADP and inorganic phosphate releases 7.3 kcal /mol of energy. The reaction is exothermic in nature.

    What chemical directly supplies your muscles with energy? ›

    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for all muscle contractions. Energy is released when ATP is broken into ADP+Pi (adenosine diphosphate and phosphate group). Maintaining the availability of ATP for muscle contraction is the limiting factor, since ATP is not stored in large amounts in skeletal muscle.

    What can be converted to ATP? ›

    Glucose and other food molecules are broken down by controlled stepwise oxidation to provide chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADH.

    What cell activates inflammation? ›

    Activated macrophages, monocytes, and other cells mediate local responses to tissue damage and infection. At sites of tissue injury, damaged epithelial and endothelial cells release factors that trigger the inflammatory cascade, along with chemokines and growth factors, which attract neutrophils and monocytes.

    What controls the release of ATP? ›

    Purinergic neurotransmission and nucleotide receptors

    Once released, the availability and duration of ATP is regulated by cell surface ectonucleotidases that hydrolyze ATP, producing metabolites including ADP and adenosine in the process.

    Does ATP reduce inflammation? ›

    Mechanistic analysis showed that ATP serves as both a neurotransmitter and an inflammation enhancer, thus acting as an intermediary between the local inflammation and neural pathway that induces inflammation on the other side.

    How do you convert ATP to ADP? ›

    Conversion of ATP to ADP requires needs removal of one phosphate group by breaking one phosphoanhydride bond. The process of breaking phosphoanhydride bonds is known as hydrolysis and energy is released during this process. The class of enzyme that catalyzes this process is known as ATPase.

    How is adenine converted to adenosine? ›

    Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleoside triphosphate, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine.

    What cycle converts ATP to ADP? ›

    When the cell needs to perform work, it removes a phosphate from ATP, releasing energy. This leaves ADP and a free phosphate left over. During cellular respiration, the cell is able to reattach a phosphate onto the ADP molecule, making new ATP. This is called the ATP/ADP cycle.

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