Exploring the Oldest Fabrics in Existence
By Nicola Davies
Pleated linen of Egyptian Queen Neferu Source: Wikimedia Commons
Some of the oldest excavated fabrics have been traced back to civilizations that existed thousands of years ago. The oldest clothing item recorded is the linen Tarkhan dress from Egypt’s first Dynasty approximately 5,000 years ago. Pants found in a Chinese tomb were made 3,000 years ago, while a 1,700-year-old sock was fished out of a landfill during an archeological expedition in the Egyptian city of Antinoopolis.
The oldest existing fibers for textiles were dated 34,000 years back, but these are just fibers, not whole clothing. The George Washington Museum of Textiles display pre-Hispanic Peruvian fabrics dating between 900 and 600 BCE (Before Common Era), while the Brooklyn Museum of Art boasts the Paracas Textile, a nearly 2,000 year old richly colored cloth from the south coast of Peru. How were these fabrics preserved for so long and can our modern fabrics compare?
Preserving Ancient Fabrics
According to Carol James, a renowned textile author, “Industries looking for particular qualities of rigidity and stretch can find structures fitting their needs by looking at ancient textile structures.” The durability of ancient fabrics can be tied to the materials they are made of. Linen, made from fibers of the flax plant, has been used by ancient civilizations all over the world. Many fabrics excavated from ancient Egyptian civilizations were made of linen materials and it remains one of the most durable materials, hence its popular use today.
Women weaving silk in Burma Courtesy of Deborah Deacon, PhD
Another strong material that remains popular today is silk, “The Queen of Textiles.” The Chinese closely guarded the secrets of their silk production for millennia, with the oldest piece of silk cloth found in China dating to approximately 3630 BCE. Ancient Myanmar (formerly Burma) was well-renowned for its use of silk and silk weaving remains one of the main professions in the country.
It is not just the materials used for making the textiles that allow such a long preservation period. In fact, organic materials degrade very quickly. According to Sumru Belger Krody, Senior Curator of the George Washington University Museum and The Textile Museum, “Ancient fabrics are mainly preserved by specific environmental conditions. These include dry desert conditions, places like bogs where there is no oxygen, or permafrost where the fabrics are frozen. This would explain why the 600-year old bra found under the floorboards of an Austrian medieval castle was not as well-preserved, while the smallest detail on the Paracas Textile was kept perfectly intact by the dry sands of the Peruvian coast.
In Norfolk, England, a group of women are working to restore a 400-year-old large linen tapestry. These ancient fabrics are often extremely fragile and must be handled with exceptional care to preserve their value. The Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute in Maryland outlines various care routines for these ancient fabrics but emphasizes that they should only be handled by textile conservators. In some cases, such as the Norfolk tapestry, efforts can be made to restore an ancient fabric to its original form.
Modern-day Fabrics—Machine-made vs. Artisan
In terms of the materials used in modern day fabrics, they include many of the same materials as ancient fabrics, such as plant-based cotton and linen and animal-based wool and silk. There is also now a vast array of artificial fibers such as polyester, nylon, rayon, and spandex. Some of these materials are made to be durable and long-lasting. However, it is the manufacturing practices of these fabrics that have seen the biggest change.
The manufacturing of modern-day textiles builds upon ancient weaving practices, with the addition of technology. As Deborah Deacon, of the Arizona State University School of Art, points out, “There are now knitting machines and various types of looms for both home and industrial use.”
Artisan fabric making seems to be the closest practice to that of ancient times, as artisan fabric makers often make use of weaving and spinning techniques that are passed down through the generations. Thus, they are frequently able to recreate the highly twisted threads found in ancient garments.
Navajo corn maiden rug, woven shortly after the 9/11 tragedy Courtesy of Deborah Deacon, PhD
James believes the industrialization of the textile industry has its downsides, however. “The industrial method for spinning fibers into thread results in thread that is less durable than in pre-industrialized times,” she says. However, Deacon also points out that, “Artisan fabric making cannot keep up with the world’s demand for fabrics.” She uses the Navajo maiden corn rug and traditional American coverlet pictured below to illustrate. “Depending on the size, it can take several months to weave a Navajo rug on an upright loom, and the same goes for a coverlet, which is woven on a traditional loom.”
The amount of time and effort placed into hand-producing fabrics leads to increased cost, which is why artisan products are overshadowed by cheaper mass-produced materials. As a result, artisan fabric making is often limited to personalized work and restoration projects. There is hope for artisans in the mainstream industry though since in a world of ever-changing fashion trends, interest in artisan fabrics is growing.
Can Modern Fabrics Compare to Ancient Fabrics?
The 21st century is an era of fast fashion, where garments displayed on catwalks are mass-produced quickly to meet consumer demands. Since modern fashion is continually evolving, many of these garments are rapidly discarded as the next trend commences. As a result, today’s manufacturers produce everyday clothes with speed, rather than quality, in mind. In fact, toxic chemicals, dangerous dyes, and synthetic fabrics are the recognizable hallmarks of fast fashion. Synthetic materials such as polyester are not biodegradable and may last for many years in whatever condition they are kept. However, they release plastic fiber fragments into the environment, which can build up in animal tissues.
Historic Trends Live on
To catch a glimpse of some of the historic hand-made clothing practices still alive in different cultures today, one can explore the Peruvian technique of discontinuous warp, nalbinding in Scandinavia, Assisi embroidery in Italy, shiny indigo dyeing in China, and Akwete weaving in Nigeria.
Historic Fabrics of the Future
Fabrics made with the organic materials of ancient times have primarily survived because of specific environmental conditions, and the same concept will apply to our modern clothing. Hand-made fabrics remain more durable than machine-manufactured fabrics, although synthetic materials biodegrade more slowly and therefore will last longer than organic-based fabrics. Historic hand-made, artisanal fabric and clothing techniques are still practiced today, and these one-of-a-kind garments and other textile products are still available for the discerning shopper who doesn’t mind paying extra for the human touch.
As a textile enthusiast with a deep understanding of ancient and modern fabrics, I can provide valuable insights into the concepts discussed in Nicola Davies' article, "Exploring the Oldest Fabrics in Existence."
The article delves into the rich history of textiles, showcasing some of the oldest fabrics ever discovered. The linen Tarkhan dress from Egypt's first Dynasty, dating back 5,000 years, stands as the oldest recorded clothing item. Chinese pants from a 3,000-year-old tomb and a 1,700-year-old sock from an Egyptian landfill further highlight the longevity of certain textiles.
Preserving these ancient fabrics involves considering both the materials used and specific environmental conditions. Linen, derived from flax fibers, and silk, often referred to as "The Queen of Textiles," are notable materials that have stood the test of time. The Chinese, known for their closely guarded silk production secrets, have a piece of silk cloth dating back to approximately 3630 BCE.
The preservation of ancient fabrics is attributed to environments like dry deserts, oxygen-free bogs, or frozen permafrost. The article cites the example of a 600-year-old bra found in an Austrian medieval castle, less well-preserved due to its location compared to the Paracas Textile preserved by the dry sands of the Peruvian coast.
Efforts to restore ancient fabrics, such as the 400-year-old linen tapestry in Norfolk, England, underscore the fragility of these textiles. Special care by textile conservators is crucial, and restoration attempts may be made, as seen with the Norfolk tapestry.
In contrast, the article transitions to modern-day fabrics, drawing attention to the use of materials like cotton, linen, wool, silk, and synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, rayon, and spandex. The manufacturing process has evolved with the incorporation of technology, including knitting machines and various looms.
Deborah Deacon, from the Arizona State University School of Art, notes that artisan fabric making closely resembles ancient practices, utilizing traditional weaving and spinning techniques passed down through generations. However, the industrialization of the textile industry has drawbacks, leading to less durable threads in comparison to pre-industrialized times.
The fast-fashion era of the 21st century prioritizes speed over quality, resulting in garments that are quickly discarded. Toxic chemicals, dangerous dyes, and synthetic fabrics characterize this industry, with environmental concerns arising from non-biodegradable materials like polyester.
The article concludes by exploring the enduring practices of historic hand-made clothing techniques in different cultures. The Peruvian technique of discontinuous warp, nalbinding in Scandinavia, Assisi embroidery in Italy, shiny indigo dyeing in China, and Akwete weaving in Nigeria are highlighted as examples of historic trends that persist today.
In considering the future of fabrics, the article suggests that fabrics made with organic materials akin to those of ancient times will endure based on specific environmental conditions. Hand-made fabrics remain more durable than machine-manufactured ones, and historic artisanal fabric and clothing techniques are still practiced, offering unique and lasting products for those willing to invest in the human touch.
