General Strain Theory (2024)

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  • Brezina, T., Piquero, A., & Mazerolle, P. (2001). Student anger and aggressive behavior in school: An initial test of Agnew’s macro-level strain theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 362–386.

  • Broidy, L. M. (2001). A test of general strain theory. Criminology, 39, 9–33.

  • Broidy, L. M., & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 275–306.

  • Cheung, N. W. T., & Cheung, Y. W. (2010). Strain, self-control, and gender differences in delinquency among Chinese adolescents: Extending general strain theory. Sociological Perspectives, 53(3), 321–345.

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  • Cohen, A. (1955). Delinquent boys. New York: Free Press.

  • de Beeck, H. O., Pauwels, L. J., & Put, J. (2012). Schools, strain and offending: Testing a school contextual version of General Strain Theory. European Journal of Criminology, 9(1), 52–72.

  • De Coster, S., & Zito, R. C. (2010). Gender and general strain theory: The gendering of emotional experiences and expressions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(2), 224–245.

  • Eitle, D. (2010). General strain theory, persistence, and desistance among young adult males. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(6), 1113–1121.

  • Felson, R. B., Osgood, D. W., Horney, J., & Wiernik, C. (2012). Having a bad month: General versus specific effects of stress on crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28(2), 347–363.

  • Francis, K. A. (2014). General strain theory, gender, and the conditioning influence of negative internalizing emotions on youth risk behaviors. Youth violence and juvenile justice, 12(1), 58–76.

  • Froggio, G., & Agnew, R. (2007). The relationship between crime and “objective” versus “subjective” strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1), 81–87.

  • Ganem, N. M. (2010). The role of negative emotion in general strain theory. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(2), 167–185.

  • Giordano, P. C., Schroeder, R. D., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2007). Emotions and crime over the life course: A neo‐Meadian perspective on criminal continuity and change. American Journal of Sociology, 112(6), 1603–1661.

  • Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46(1), 107–135.

  • Hay, C., & Evans, M. M. (2006). Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 261–274.

  • Hay, C., & Meldrum, R. (2010). Bullying victimization and adolescent self-harm: Testing hypotheses from general strain theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 446–459.

  • Hinduja, S. (2007). Work place violence and negative affective responses: A test of Agnew’s general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 657–666.

  • Hoffmann, J. P. (2003). A contextual analysis of differential association, social control, and strain theories of delinquency. Social Forces, 81(3), 753–785.

  • Hoffmann, J. P., & Ireland, T. O. (2004). Strain and opportunity structures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(3), 263–292.

  • Hoffmann, J. P., & Miller, A. S. (1998). A latent variable analysis of strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 83–110.

  • Hoffmann, J. P., & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 34(1), 46–78.

  • Jang, S. J. (2007). Gender differences in strain, negative emotions, and coping behaviors: A general strain theory approach. Justice Quarterly, 24(3), 523–553.

  • Jang, S. J., & Johnson, B. R. (2003). Strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping among African Americans: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 79–105.

  • Jang, S. J., & Rhodes, J. R. (2012). General strain and non-strain theories: A study of crime in emerging adulthood. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 176–186.

  • Jang, S. J., & Song, J. (2015). A ‘rough test’ of a delinquent coping process model of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(6), 419–430.

  • Jennings, W. G., Piquero, N. L., Gover, A. R., & Pérez, D. M. (2009). Gender and general strain theory: A replication and exploration of Broidy and Agnew’s gender/strain hypothesis among a sample of southwestern Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 404–417.

  • Kaufman, J. M. (2009). Gendered responses to serious strain: The argument for a general strain theory of deviance. Justice Quarterly, 26(3), 410–444.

  • Kaufman, J. M., Rebellon, C. J., Thaxton, S., & Agnew, R. (2008). A general strain theory of racial differences in criminal offending. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41(3), 421–437.

  • Keith, S. (2014). How does self-complexity of identity moderate the relationship between strain and crime? Deviant Behavior, 35, 759–781.

  • Konty, M. (2005). Microanomie: The cognitive foundations of the relationship between anomie and deviance. Criminology, 43(1), 107–132.

  • Leban, L., Cardwell, S. M., Copes, H., & Brezina, T. (2016). Adapting to prison life: A qualitative examination of the coping process among incarcerated offenders. Justice Quarterly, 33, 943–969.

  • Lin, W. H., & Mieczkowski, T. (2011). Subjective strains, conditioning factors, and juvenile delinquency: General strain theory in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Criminology, 6(1), 69–87.

  • Mazerolle, P. (1998). Gender, general strain, and delinquency: An empirical examination. Justice Quarterly, 15(1), 65–91.

  • Mazerolle, P., & Maahs, J. (2000). General strain and delinquency: An alternative examination of conditioning influences. Justice Quarterly, 17, 753–778.

  • Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1997). Violent responses to strain: An examination of conditioning influences. Violence and Victims, 12, 323–343.

  • Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Linking exposure to strain with anger: An investigation of deviant adaptations. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 195–211.

  • Mazerolle, P., Piquero, A. R., & Capowich, G. E. (2003). Examining the links between strain, situational and dispositional anger, and crime. Youth and Society, 35, 131–157.

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  • Moon, B., Morash, M., McCluskey, C. P., & Hwang, H. (2009). A comprehensive test of general strain theory: Key strains, situational- and trait-based negative emotions, conditioning factors, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46, 182–212.

  • Morash, M., & Moon, B. (2007). Gender differences in the effects of strain on the delinquency of South Korean youth. Youth & Society, 38(3), 300–321.

  • Morris, R. G., Carriaga, M. L., Diamond, B., Piquero, N. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2012). Does prison strain lead to prison misbehavior? An application of general strain theory to inmate misconduct. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 194–201.

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  • Ousey, G. C., Wilcox, P., & Schreck, C. J. (2015). Violent victimization, confluence of risks and the nature of criminal behavior: Testing main and interactive effects from Agnew’s extension of General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(2), 164–173.

  • Paternoster, R., & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 235–263.

  • Piquero, N. L., Fox, K., Piquero, A. R., Capowich, G., & Mazerolle, P. (2010). Gender, general strain theory, negative emotions, and disordered eating. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(4), 380–392.

  • Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2004). Gender and general strain theory: A preliminary test of Broidy and Agnew’s gender/GST hypotheses. Justice Quarterly, 21(1), 125–158.

  • Polizzi, D. (2011). Agnew’s general strain theory reconsidered: A phenomenological perspective. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55, 1051–1071.

  • Rebellon, C. J., Manasse, M. E., Van Gundy, K. T., & Cohn, E. S. (2012). Perceived injustice and delinquency: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 230–237.

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  • Scheuerman, H. L. (2013). The relationship between injustice and crime: A general strain theory approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(6), 375–385.

  • Sharp, S.F., Terling-Watt, T. L., Atkins, L. A., Gilliam, J. T., & Sanders, A. (2001). Purging behavior in a sample of college females: A research note on general strain theory and female deviance. Deviant Behavior, 22, 171–188.

  • Sigfusdottir, I. D., Kristjansson, A. L., & Agnew, R. (2012). A comparative analysis of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 117–127.

  • Slocum, L. A. (2010). General strain theory and the development of stressors and substance use over time: An empirical examination. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(6), 1100–1112.

  • Swatt, M. L., Gibson, C. L., & Piquero, N. L. (2007). Exploring the utility of general strain theory in explaining problematic alcohol consumption by police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 596–611.

  • Warner, B. D., & Fowler, S. K. (2003). Strain and violence: Testing a general strain theory model of community violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(6), 511–521.

General Strain Theory (2024)
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