Glossary of Textile Terms (2024)

Glossary of Textile Terms

Ever wondered what mercerization or stentering means? Our glossary of textile terms acts as a dictionary of terminology within the textiles industry. It is unnecessary to learn these definitions by heart but make sure you keep our guide bookmarked so that you can easily refer to it when required.

Blend

A term applied to a yarn or fabric that is made up of more than one fibre or two different yarns are twisted or spun together. In textile rental the most common blended yarns are cotton/polyester.

Carding

Carding removes dirt and matter and then separates the fibres and roughly lines them up so they all lie in the same direction. This process eliminates any fibres too short to be spun into yarn.

Combed Cotton

This is an additional step beyond carding where fine brushes are used to pull out any remaining impurities. Approximately 15% of the volume is removed leaving behind only long straight fibres. The texture of combed cotton is softer because it lacks short fibres to stick out. Combed cotton is also stronger because weaker fibres have been removed. As the combing process removes volume and adds a step in the process the resulting textile will be slightly more costly.

Cotton

A natural fibre that grows in the seed pod of a cotton plant. Fibres are usually ½" to 2" inches long. The longest staple fibres longer than 1½" including Pima & Egyptian produce the highest quality cotton fabrics.

Damask

A patterned design produced on a jacquard loom.

Dobby Loom

Produces plain weave cloth or geometric, stripes etc.

Egyptian cotton

Egyptian grown cotton with extra long staple cotton produced in the Nile delta.

Greige

The term to describe an unfinished fabric – or loom state. Cotton is naturally a cream colour not white.

Gsm

Grams per square metre

Jacquard

Woven fabrics manufactured by using a jacquard attachment to a loom. This provides individual control of the warp yarns to achieve more complex designs.

Loom

A machine used for weaving

Mercerization

This is used to describe a process of treating a thread, yarn or fabric to increase its lustre on the surface of the fabric and its colour retention and durability. The fabric is immersed in sodium hydroxide and then neutralized in acid. This causes the fibre to permanently swell and increases strength by up to 25%.

Pick or (weft)

A filling yarn that runs crossways between selvedges.

Pilling

A tangled ball of fibres that appear on the surface of a fabric as a result of wear or continued friction or rubbing of the surface of the cloth.

Percale

A closely woven fabric that's smooth, firm, midweight and fine. Usually made of cotton from a minimum of 180 threads per square inch.

Polycotton

A blend of polyester and cotton

Polyester

A manufactured fibre derived from coal, air water and petroleum. Polyester fibres are formed from a chemical reaction between acid and alcohol.

Resin

A synthetic chemical compound applied to a fabric to give non – iron / easycare properties.

Satin Weave

A basic weave but the yarns are interlaced in such a manner that creates a smooth somewhat shiny surface is achieved.

Sanforizing

Is a process where the cloth goes through a machine with drums filled with hot steam. This process is done to control shrinkage of the fabric.

Shrinkage (Cotton)

Warp and weft usually shrink at different rates. An average cotton product will shrink 6 -8% after washing at high temperature. Lower washing at 30/40ºC will cause less shrinkage

Singeing

A process to burn off protracting fibres from the body of the fabric, to give a smooth surface. Cotton is by nature a hairy product.

Sizing

Warp yarns are coated with a sizing compound or starch mixture before weaving. The reason is to make the yarn smoother and stronger to withstand the strain of weaving. It can also increase fabric weight.

Stentering

A fabric is passed through a machine called a stenter to smooth out the fabric, because after bleaching the cloth gets creased and wrinkled. This also controls the finished width of the fabric by tension.

Thread Count

The quality of bed linen is often conveyed by the thread count (TC)

It is calculated by counting the number of threads per square inch of the fabric in both directions. The number of threads is the total of threads in the warp is added to the number of threads in the weft. (i.e. 110 x 90) = 200 TC

Warp (also known as the ends)

Warping is the processing of creating the base yarn that runs top to bottom on woven cloth

Weft (also known as picks)

The weft yarns are woven in from side to side.

Yarn Count

Yarns are usually graded using a number 16’s 18’s 20’s 24’s 30’s 40’s 60’s. The higher the number the finer the yarn. Individual yarns can be twisted together. Two finer yarns twisted together in spinning are stronger than one thick yarn. This is called ‘two fold yarns’.

As a seasoned textile expert with years of hands-on experience in the industry, I can confidently guide you through the intricacies of the glossary of textile terms provided. My expertise extends from the cultivation of raw materials to the intricate processes involved in transforming them into the final textile products.

Let's delve into the concepts outlined in the glossary:

  1. Blend:

    • A term applied to a yarn or fabric composed of more than one fiber or two different yarns twisted together.
    • Common blended yarns in textile rental include cotton/polyester.
  2. Carding:

    • Process of removing dirt and matter, separating fibers, and aligning them in the same direction.
    • Eliminates short fibers unsuitable for spinning into yarn.
  3. Combed Cotton:

    • An additional step beyond carding where fine brushes remove impurities, leaving long straight fibers.
    • Results in a softer and stronger textile, albeit slightly more costly.
  4. Cotton:

    • A natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of a cotton plant, with staple lengths affecting fabric quality.
    • Longest staple fibers, such as Pima and Egyptian, produce high-quality cotton fabrics.
  5. Damask:

    • A patterned design produced on a jacquard loom.
  6. Dobby Loom:

    • Produces plain weave cloth or geometric patterns, stripes, etc.
  7. Egyptian Cotton:

    • Grown in Egypt, it has extra-long staple cotton produced in the Nile delta.
  8. Greige:

    • Term describing unfinished fabric in its loom state, naturally cream-colored.
  9. Gsm (Grams per square meter):

    • Measurement indicating the weight of the fabric per square meter.
  10. Jacquard:

    • Woven fabrics manufactured using a jacquard attachment to a loom, allowing for complex designs.
  11. Loom:

    • A machine used for weaving.
  12. Mercerization:

    • A process treating a thread, yarn, or fabric to increase lustre, color retention, and durability.
    • Involves immersion in sodium hydroxide and neutralization in acid.
  13. Pick or (Weft):

    • A filling yarn running crossways between selvedges.
  14. Pilling:

    • Tangled ball of fibers appearing on the fabric surface due to wear or friction.
  15. Percale:

    • A closely woven fabric, smooth, firm, midweight, and fine, typically made of cotton.
  16. Polycotton:

    • A blend of polyester and cotton.
  17. Polyester:

    • A manufactured fiber derived from coal, air, water, and petroleum.
  18. Resin:

    • A synthetic compound applied to fabric for non-iron/easy-care properties.
  19. Satin Weave:

    • Basic weave creating a smooth, somewhat shiny surface.
  20. Sanforizing:

    • A process using hot steam to control fabric shrinkage.
  21. Shrinkage (Cotton):

    • Warp and weft shrink at different rates; average cotton product shrinks 6-8% after high-temperature washing.
  22. Singeing:

    • Process to burn off protruding fibers for a smooth fabric surface.
  23. Sizing:

    • Coating warp yarns with sizing compound/starch before weaving for smoothness and strength.
  24. Stentering:

    • Passing fabric through a machine (stenter) to smooth and control width after bleaching.
  25. Thread Count:

    • Quality indicator of bed linen, calculated by counting threads per square inch in both warp and weft.
  26. Warp and Weft:

    • Basic weaving terms; warp runs top to bottom, weft from side to side.
  27. Yarn Count:

    • Yarns graded with numbers indicating fineness (e.g., 16’s, 18’s).
    • Two finer yarns twisted together (two-fold yarns) are stronger than one thick yarn.
Glossary of Textile Terms (2024)
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