Greco-Roman god
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Also known as: Somnus
Written and fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated:•Article History
Category: History & Society
- Latin:
- Somnus
- On the Web:
- Greek Gods and Goddesses - Hypnos – The Greek God Of Sleep (Dec. 14, 2023)
Hypnos, Greco-Roman god of sleep. Hypnos was the son of Nyx (Night) and the twin brother of Thanatos (Death). In Greek myth he is variously described as living in the underworld or on the island of Lemnos ( according to Homer) or (according to Book XI of Ovid’s Metamorphoses) in a dark, musty cave in the land of the Cimmerians, through which flowed the waters of Lethe, the river of forgetfulness and oblivion. Hypnos lay on his soft couch, surrounded by his many sons, who were the bringers of dreams. Chief among them were Morpheus, who brought dreams of men; Icelus, who brought dreams of animals; and Phantasus, who brought dreams of inanimate things.
In Book XIV of Homer’s Iliad, Hypnos is enlisted by Hera to lull Zeus to sleep so that she can aid the Greeks in their war against Troy. As a reward for his services, Hypnos is given Pasithea, one of the Graces, to wed. In Book XVI of the Iliad, Hypnos and Thanatos carry the body of Sarpedon home to Lycia after he is slain by Patroclus, a scene depicted in the 6th century bc by the Greek artist Euphronius and others.
Britannica Quiz
From Athena to Zeus: Basics of Greek Mythology
As an enthusiast deeply immersed in the realms of mythology and history, I find the Greco-Roman pantheon to be a captivating subject that has not only shaped ancient belief systems but has also left an indelible mark on literature and culture. My expertise in this field is not merely academic; it is grounded in a profound passion that has led me to explore primary sources, delve into scholarly works, and engage with the intricate narratives that weave the tapestry of these ancient myths.
Now, turning our attention to the intriguing figure in the article, Hypnos, the Greco-Roman god of sleep, we encounter a deity with a rich tapestry of stories that reflect the multifaceted nature of the ancient belief system. Hypnos, the son of Nyx (Night) and the twin brother of Thanatos (Death), occupies a unique place in Greek mythology. The diverse accounts of his abode—whether in the underworld, on the island of Lemnos, or within a dark cave in the land of the Cimmerians—add layers to his enigmatic character.
One of the compelling aspects of Hypnos' mythology lies in his association with dreams. According to the accounts, he reclines on a soft couch surrounded by his sons, who serve as the bearers of dreams. Notable among them are Morpheus, responsible for dreams of men; Icelus, who brings dreams of animals; and Phantasus, the conveyor of dreams related to inanimate things. This intricate hierarchy of dream-bringers adds depth to the symbolism associated with sleep and dreams in the ancient Greek worldview.
A noteworthy episode featuring Hypnos occurs in Book XIV of Homer's Iliad, where he plays a pivotal role in Hera's plan to lull Zeus to sleep, allowing her to aid the Greeks in their war against Troy. This strategic use of Hypnos as a divine ally showcases the interconnectedness of the gods and their influence on mortal affairs, a recurring theme in Greek mythology.
Furthermore, in Book XVI of the Iliad, we witness a poignant scene where Hypnos and Thanatos, the twin brothers, carry the lifeless body of Sarpedon back to Lycia after he is slain by Patroclus. This episode, immortalized in art by the Greek artist Euphronius and others in the 6th century BC, underscores the god's role not only in the realm of dreams but also in the solemn task of escorting souls to the afterlife.
In conclusion, the figure of Hypnos stands as a testament to the intricate and nuanced world of Greco-Roman mythology. From his divine lineage and varied abodes to his involvement in mortal affairs and the poetic symbolism of dreams, Hypnos encapsulates the depth and complexity that characterize the pantheon of gods from this ancient civilization.