The oral changes from tobacco use range from harmless soft tissue changes to a life-threatening oral cancer.
Your dentist is trained to perform an oral examination to detect tobacco use related abnormalities. Some of the more common of these are discussed below:
Smoker’s Melanosis
Smoker’s melanosis (see Right) is increased tissue pigmentation, or darkening, due to irritation from tobacco smoke. Typically this pigmentation occurs on the gingiva (gums) of the upper and lower front teeth. The amount of pigmentation increases with greater tobacco use, and is more common in females; it occurs in 5.0 – 22% of cigarette and pipe smokers. There is no treatment for smoker’s melanosis; however, tissues typically return to normal color in six to 36 months after quitting smoking.
Periodontal Disease
The evidence is overwhelming that smoking contributes to periodontal disease (see Right) and that continued smoking results in a reduced response to periodontal treatment. There is a greater amount of bone loss around teeth in smokers and individuals who smoke are more likely to lose teeth than nonsmokers. It is reported that more than half of advanced gum disease can be linked to tobacco use.
Nicotinic Stomatitis
In nicotinic stomatitis, the hard palate (roof of the mouth) appears white instead of pink, and numerous, small raised areas with red centers are found throughout the palate (see Left). These red areas are irritated minor salivary glands whose duct openings are inflamed in response to the heat from tobacco products. This lesion is most commonly seen in older male tobacco users who smoke pipes but it also can be found in cigar and cigarette smokers.
There is an increased risk for cancer of the tonsils, posterior mouth, and lungs in individuals who developnicotinic stomatitis from their tobacco use. However, if the individual stops their tobacco use, theappearance of hard palate typically returns to normal within a few weeks.
Smokeless Tobacco Induced Changes
Use of smokeless tobacco produces a specificchange in the area of the mouth where it is held. Thearea appears more whitish and wrinkled thannormal, healthy tissue (see Right). This degree oftissue change is directly dependent upon the type ofsmokeless tobacco (leaf versus finecut), the specificbrand of tobacco, the size of the pinch of tobacco,and the length of time the pinch is in contact withthe mouth tissues. Although the use of any tobaccoproduct increases one’s risk of developing cancer,the oral cancer risk for smokeless tobacco use islargely unknown. However, use of leaf-type smokeless tobacco for greater than 50 years is associatedwith the development of a specific oral cancer known as “verrucous carcinoma”. If the individual stopsusing the smokeless tobacco, the appearance of the oral tissue typically returns to normal in two to sixweeks.
Gingival Recession and Tooth Abrasion
In addition to the development of changes to the oral tissues, the use of smokeless tobacco can damageboth the gum tissue and the teeth in the area where it is held in the mouth. Smokeless tobacco can resultin localized gum recession and the exposed teeth often develop dental decay due the sweetener insmokeless tobacco. Unfortunately, stopping the tobacco use does not reverse the gum problem or toothdecay.
Black Hairy Tongue
Hairy tongue (please see PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET: Hairy Tongue) results from either anovergrowth of the normal tongue papillae or a decrease in the rate that the papillae are removed. Withtobacco use the overgrown papillae can trap pigment from the tobacco and take on a black appearance.This condition has no symptoms; however, it may be a concern due to the appearance and the frequentunpleasant mouth odor from the trapping of particles in the tongue.
Oral Cancer
Use of tobacco products is clearly linked to development of oral cancer (see Below). Oral cancers are found primarily in the floor of the mouth (under the tongue), the sides and underside of the tongue, and the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth). The topic of oral cancer in discussed in a separate Patient Information sheet. The most important key to surviving oral cancer is early detection. The importance of your dentist performing a thorough soft tissue examination cannot be overemphasized. The tissue changes in early cancer can be subtle and it is essential for your dentist to perform a through soft tissue examination to detect cancer at an early stage. He or she may want to take a sample of these tissues (biopsy) for diagnosis, or refer you for this procedure. This is the only way to make a diagnosis of oral cancer, and biopsy can also help in determining your long-term outlook.
Left: Cancer of the floor of the mouth Center: Cancer of the lateral tongue. Right: Cancer of the soft palate.
As soon as an individual quits smoking, the risk for oral cancer begins to decrease. It is generally acknowledged that it takes around fifteen years after quitting smoking for the risk of a prior smoker to approach that of someone who has never smoked.
Prepared by G Taybos, K Crews and the AAOM Web Writing Group
Prepared 28 July 2008
The information contained in this monograph is for educational purposes only. This information is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have or suspect you may have a health concern, consult your professional health care provider. Reliance on any information provided in this monograph is solely at your own risk.
