From a financial perspective, one of the best things to come out of the coronavirus-induced market meltdown is being able to contribute to your children's 529 plans at lower index prices. Let us dig deep into the recommended 529 plan amounts by age.
The appropriate 529 plan amounts by age will help ensure that you accumulate enough to pay for your child's college education comfortably. At the same time, the right 529 plan amount by age will also ensure that you don't over-invest if you don't want to.
Given parents are investing for an expense that might not occur for another 10-18 years, it's easier to invest in a 529 plan during times of turmoil. You want to have the right about in a 529 plan by age so you don't overfund or underfund the college savings account.
Investing In My Daughter's 529 Plan
Originally, I had only planned to invest $15,000 into my daughter's 529 plan in 2020. I was nervous about the stock market after a 10-year bull run. However, the stock market started selling off in February and March 2020. Thus, I decided to contribute more to her plan.
See my historical 529 contributions below.
The stock market kept on tanking until I ran out of the maximum bullets allowed. By the end of March 2020, I had ended up superfunding $75,000 into my daughter's 529 plan. After making a stock market bottom prediction in March 2020, I put my money where my mouth was and bought.
If I had contributed more, I would have violated the superfunding rule, which allows families to front-load five years worth of contributions ($85,000 per donor/$170,000 per couple for 2023) without having to file gift taxes, while protecting their lifetime gift and estate tax exemption.
The world felt like it was coming to an end in March 2020. So, my wife and I decided to have her dollar-cost-average into our daughter's 529 plan by $15,000 a year for the next five years just in case the recovery would take years.
When the stock market began rebounding in April, so did both of our children's 529 plans. Today, our son's 529 plan account is only about twice as large, despite being 3X older.
This is when I began to wonder what is the appropriate 529 plan amounts by age. I was beginning to feel like we had over-contributed to our daughter's 529 plan. However, thanks to the likely incessant rise in college tuition, continuing to contribute to a 529 savings plan makes sense.
Why A College Degree Is Getting Devalued
One of the most important things all parents and kids who want to attend college should know is this: Partly due to the coronavirus, the value of college has declined.
Whilethis decline in value has been ongoingfor yearsand startedwell before COVID-19 arrived, with tens of millions of people sheltering in place for months, the depreciation has accelerated.
A student or parent should not have to spend the same amount of tuition for classes that are being taught online instead of in the physical classroom. An important part of the college experience is in-person networking to build lifelong connections and friendships. Moving online impedes this invaluable opportunity.
It is already too late for many of us who spent big bucks and many years getting our college degrees. However, it is not too late for our children to make wiser educational and financial decisions about their higher education.
If we do nothing, then we will be creating another generation of massively indebted and highly dissatisfied college graduates who are unable to find meaningful work. Debt and a lack of meaningful work hurt relationships, delay saving and investing, delay or eliminate family formation, and create deep levels of dissatisfaction.
We all know some messed up, angry people. They could have had better lives if they weren't so burdened by student loan debt and had more enjoyable occupations.
Key Points On Education:
- Online education devalues a traditional college education.
- It is nonsensical for a student to still have to spend 4-5 years before being awarded a college diploma when the internet has made research, learning, and communication much quicker.
- Unless you are already rich or receive grants, paying full private school tuition is fiscally unwise because data shows that there is no discernible income difference between both types of college graduates from private or public schools.
- Even public school tuition is becoming too expensive given a consistent decline in state-supported funding. No type of education is increasing in value.
- From a financial standpoint, it's more beneficial to learn everything for free online, develop skills in a high demand field, take an apprenticeship, and get to work sooner after high school.
Recommended 529 Plan Amounts By Age Framework
To come up with my recommended 529 plan amounts by age, we must make several assumptions. I will provide three columns to address these assumptions. Then you can follow the column that most closely matches your situation and beliefs.
529 Plan Assumptions:
- You are a rational parent who likes to take advantage of tax-advantageous accounts to potentially grow your investments quicker. You believe that if you are going to invest for your child's education, then you might as well invest in a 529 plan where the contributions compound tax-free.
- The contribution range per year is between $5,000 and $30,000. The range takes into account contributions from single parents, dual-income parents, grandparents, and rich relatives.
- The compounded return range is between 0% – 7%. This range accounts for bear markets and lower returns as child gets closer to attending college. Lower returns are due to a greater shift to bonds.
- The goal is to pay for between 50% – 100% of college expenses when the time comes. The percentage range takes into consideration parents who do not have as much money or have lower investment returns. The lower percentage also accounts for parents who want their children to have more skin in the game.
- For 2020, the average public tuition & fees cost is ~$10,500 a year for public-instate, ~$23,000 a year for public, out-of-state, and ~$37,000 for private universities according to US News & World Report. Expect these tuition figures to go up by about 4-5% a year forever. For 2024, the average tuition is at least 15% higher!
More 529 Plan Assumptions:
- College tuition and expenses will increase by an average of 3% a year. This is despite the value of college declining. It is very hard to stop momentum, especially due to growing international demand.
- Some of the 529 plan may be used to pay for grade school tuition and expenses. As of 2020, $10,000 a year can be used from a 529 plan per student per year for private, public or religiouselementary, middle, and highschool tuition.
- Financial support for education stops at 25. Age 25 is old enough for a child to have started and finished a Master's degree. It is also old enough for the adult child to get on the path to financial independence. You plan to spend down 100% of the 529 plan after 25 years.
- Contributing too much is an inefficient use of funds because the money could also be spent on living a better life. That said, you can now roll over leftover 529 funds into a Roth IRA thanks to Secure Act 2.0. As of now, the lifetime conversion limit is $35,000, which makes contributing to a 529 plan even more valuable.
Now that we have these assumptions in place, let's look at the recommended 529 plan amount by age.
Recommended 529 Plan Amounts By Age
Below is my recommended 529 plan amounts by age separated into three columns. Each of the columns accounts for the type of school your child plans to go to and how much financial aid your family will receive.
For most new families, I suggest focusing on the Medium (Bravo) column.
Low Column (Alfa)
The Low column simply assumes a $5,000 contribution per year with 0% growth to account for several bear markets during the initial 18 years. The goal is to have saved $100,000 per child by the time he or she begins college. Starting at 18, the parent uses $20,000 a year to pay for college education expenses.
Those who should follow the Low column:
- Parents who have older children already (10+)
- Parents don't believe strongly in the value of a college education
- Child will go to a public university, community college, two-year college, or potentially no college
- Child is a genius or a talented athlete and will get tuition subsidies from universities
- Guardians have a family business
- Parents have many children and cannot fully fund all their 529 plans
Medium Column (Bravo)
The Medium column assumes a $15,000 annual contribution every year until 18 with a 6.2% compound annual return. The goal is to have saved $500,000 per child by the time he or she begins college. After age 18, $100,000 a year is to pay for college until the 529 plan goes to 0 at age 25.
Those who should follow the Medium column:
- Parents or guardians have a newborn or children under three
- Guardians or parents only plan to have one or two children
- Parents believe a college education is still valuable
- Child is of average intelligence and athletic ability
- Guardians or parents want to hedge against a continued rapid increase in college tuition
- Parents or guardians have a family business
- Parents tend to be more financially conservative
High Column (Coca)
The High column assumes a $30,000 annual contribution every year until 18 with a 7% compound annual return. The $30,000 comes from a combination of two people always contributing $15,000 each.
The two people can be both parents, one parent and a grandparent, two grandparents, and so forth. After 18, $200,000 a year is used for college tuition until the 529 plan is spent down to $0 at age 25.
Those who should follow the High column:
- Parents have a newborn or a child who has yet to be born
- Parents plan on only having one or two children
- Child is of below average intelligence and athletic ability
- Child insists on going to the most expensive private school
- Parents are very wealthy and are willing to make their children 529 millionaires
- Parents believe college tuition will inflate much faster than 5% a year
- Grandparents have enough money to superfund their grandchildren's 529 plans to help reduce their estate
- Parents who want to use the 529 plan as a generational wealth transfer vehicle
Each column represents the appropriate amount based on your goals and your child's educational goals. All columns are great goals to follow. The amounts should align with your goals and beliefs.
If you’re behind, contribute more. Or convince a grandparent or relative to contribute more. If you’re ahead, throttle your contributions and use your money for other purposes.
It would be irrational if you save based on the Low column but have a child who is one year old and you want him to go to the most expensive university in 18 years without any grants.
It would also be irrational to follow the High column if your child is already 14 years old, is brilliant, and will likely get a free ride to any school she chooses.
Whichever column you choose to follow, make sure the numbers align with your current financial situation. Understand your child's intelligence and work ethic. Know your beliefs about higher education.
Related: Recommended 401(k) Amounts By Age
529 Plan Amounts By Age Goals For My Children
My wife and I are aiming to save up to $500,000 per child by the time each turns 18. In other words, we plan to contribute a combined $15,000 a year and hope for roughly a 6.25% compound annual return. Our goal is inline with the Medium (Bravo) column.
Worst case, if our children are not smart enough to attend an in-state public university or don't get grants from a private university, then we are looking at between $100,000 – $125,000 a year all-in per child.
The cost is based on a 5% compound inflation rate for the next 15-18 years. $500,000 per child in a 529 plan will be able to cover this realistic worst-case scenario. Unfortunately, it seems like the cost of four years of a private university will cost closer to $750,000 in 2036, when our son is eligible to attend. As a result, contributing to our 529 plan may not be enough to pay for all of college.
As our children get older, we will have a better idea of their intelligence levels and work ethic. We can then adjust our contributions accordingly.
My wife and I have always been of average intelligence. Therefore, our children will likely have the same level of intelligence. We cannot count on instilling in our children a strong ethic, no matter how hard we try.
Whether you follow my Low, Medium, or High 529 plan savings amounts by age, know that investing in a tax-advantageous account for your children is better than not investing in one.
Using A 529 To Transfer Wealth
Ideally, you want to save just the right amount in each 529 plan. But if you end up saving too much, you can always just reassign the beneficiary. The beneficiary can be reassigned to your grandchildren or someone else for generational wealth transfer purposes.
Finally, in addition to building a large enough 529 plan for your kids, consider also opening up a custodial Roth IRA. By putting your kids to work, they can contribute to a Roth IRA likely tax-free.
The money will then compound tax-free over time. After five years, your child can then withdraw the money tax-free to spend on whatever they want!
If you start your kid's Roth IRA early, I'm sure they will be ecstatic when they become adults.
New 529 Plan Rollover Rules Due To Passage Of Secure 2.0 Act
Before the Secure 2.0 Act was passed, families were hesitant to open or further fund 529 plans out of fear the leftover funds would be trapped unless they take a non-qualified withdrawal and assume a penalty.
Money withdrawn from a 529 plan must use for qualified educational expenses. If not, you’ll pay ordinary state and federal income taxes (at the beneficiary’s tax rate) on the money, as well as a 10% penalty.
Now, the penalty can be waived if your kid wins a scholarship, gets into one of the U.S. military academies, receives support from an employer or for several other reasons – but that’s just the 10% penalty. You’ll still need to pay the tax bill.
Conditions Of Rolling Over 529 Into A Roth IRA
With the Secure 2.0 Act, there's a rollover allowance that starts in 2024 and comes with several limits. First is that the amount rolled over can’t be more than the Roth contribution limit, which is $6,500 this year. You also can’t roll over more than $35,000 total in the beneficiary’s lifetime. You also can’t roll over contributions or earnings from the past five years.
Another condition is that the 529 plan must have been open for at least 15 years. Experts are unsure whether changing the account beneficiary requires a new 15-year waiting period. Also unknown until the IRS issues rules is whether withdrawals of earnings from 529 plans transferred to a Roth account will be subject to the rule that requires earnings to remain in theRoth accountfor at least five years.
However, the rollover contributions aren’t subject to the Roth IRA income limits of $153,000 for single filers and $228,000 for joint filers this year. Families who’ve contributed to 529 pre-paid tuition plans – where they purchase tuition credits at the current rates – haven’t had to deal with the issue, since those plans refund only the contributions, which are made with after-tax money.
Diversify Into Real Estate To Fund College Education
It's too bad parents can't invest in real estate in a 529 plan. Real estate is my favorite asset class to build wealth given the combination of rising rents and rising capital values. This combination tends to build tremendous wealth over time.
That said, you can invest in real estate through a REIT, private eREIT, or physical rental properties. Personally, I've invested in all three as real estate accounts for 40% of my net worth. Stocks make up 30% of my net worth.
Since 2016, I've been investing consistently in real estate crowdfunding to take advantage of lower valuations in the heartland of America. With more people relocating to lower-cost areas of the country, I believe the heartland will see multiple decades of growth.
Take a look at Fundrise, my favorite real estate crowdfunding platform. Fundrise has diversified eREITs that provide 100% passive income and diversification. For most people, investing in a fund is the easiest way to gain exposure.
Also take a look at CrowdStreet, a real estate platform that focuses on individual deals in 18-hour cities. If you have more capital, you can build your own select fund with CrowdStreet. They've got a great platform with very intriguing deals. However, before investing in each deal, make sure to do extensive due diligence on each sponsor. Understanding each sponsor's track record and experience is vital.
Both platforms are free to sign up and explore. I've personally invested $810,000 in 18 real estate crowdfunding deals so far.
Readers, what is the right 529 plan amounts by age you're going to follow? Personally, I think the recommended 529 plan amount is between $300,000 – $500,000 for each child.
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