Hyperpigmentation; Hypopigmentation; Skin - abnormally light or dark
Abnormally dark or light skin is skin that has turned darker or lighter than normal.
The white spots on this person's face have resulted from drug-induced vitiligo. Loss of melanin, the primary skin pigment, occasionally occurs as a result of medicines, as is the case with this individual. The typical vitiligo lesion is flat and depigmented, but maintains the normal skin texture.
This is a picture of vitiligo on the face. Complete loss of melanin, the primary skin pigment, occurs for unknown reasons. The resulting lesions are white in comparison to the surrounding skin. Vitiligo may occur in the same areas on both sides of the face -- symmetrically -- or it may be patchy -- asymmetrical. The typical vitiligo lesion is flat and depigmented, but maintains the normal skin texture. The dark areas around the eyes are this person's normal skin color.
Incontinentia pigmenti produces darkly-pigmented swirling marks on the skin. It occurs more frequently in females. The skin lesions are divided into three stages blisters (vesicles and bullae) are present at birth or within the first 6 to 7 weeks, followed by a rough wart-like (verrucous) stage, and lastly, swirled and bizarre patterns of dark pigmentation (hyperpigmentation) appear.
Incontinentia pigmenti produces darkly-pigmented swirling marks on the skin. It occurs more frequently in females. The skin lesions are divided into three stages blisters (vesicles and bullae) are present at birth or within the first 6 to 7 weeks, followed by a rough wart-like (verrucous) stage, and lastly, swirled and bizarre patterns of dark pigmentation (hyperpigmentation) appear.
Hyperpigmentation refers to skin that has turned darker than normal where the change that has occurred is unrelated to sun exposure. Cells called melanocytes located in the skin, produce melanin. Melanin gives the skin its color. In certain conditions melanocytes can become abnormal and cause an excessive amount of darkening in the color of the skin.
Hyperpigmented concentric rings over the tibia are secondary to prior inflammation. Residual hemosiderin from broken down red blood cells in macrophages, left behind after inflammation pigments the skin.
Generalized hyperpigmentation, in addition to localized areas of even deeper pigmentation is sometimes found in patients with malignancy. Etiology of these pigmentary changes is varied.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is seen here in a mottled pattern, over the posterior shoulder. Hemosiderin, left behind by degraded RBC's, creates the discoloration.
Considerations
Normal skin contains cells called melanocytes. These cells produce melanin, the substance that gives skin its color.
Skin with too much melanin is called hyperpigmented skin.
Skin with too little melanin is called hypopigmented. Skin with no melanin at all is called depigmented.
Pale skin areas are due to too little melanin or underactive melanocytes. Darker areas of skin (or an area that tans more easily) occurs when you have more melanin or overactive melanocytes.
Bronzing of the skin may sometimes be mistaken for a suntan. This skin discoloration often develops slowly, starting at the elbows, knuckles, and knees and spreading from there. Bronzing may also be seen on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. The bronze color can range from light to dark (in fair-skinned people) with the degree of darkness due to the underlying cause.
Causes
Causes of hyperpigmentation include:
- Skin inflammation (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation)
- Use of certain drugs (such as minocycline, certain cancer chemotherapies, and birth control pills)
- Hormone system diseases such as Addison disease
- Hemochromatosis (iron overload)
- Sun exposure
- Pregnancy (melasma, or mask of pregnancy)
- Certain birthmarks
- Skin condition called acanthosis nigricans
Causes of hypopigmentation include:
- Skin inflammation (post-inflammatory hypopigmentation)
- Certain fungal infections (such as tinea versicolor)
- Pityriasis alba
- Vitiligo
- Certain medicines
- Skin condition called idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis in sun exposed areas such as the arms
- Certain birthmarks
Home Care
Over-the-counter and prescription creams are available for lightening the skin. Hydroquinone combined with tretinoin is an effective combination. If you use these creams, follow instructions carefully, and don't use one for more than 3 weeks at a time. Darker skin requires greater care when using these preparations. Cosmetics may also help mask a discoloration.
Avoid too much sun exposure. Always use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.
Abnormally dark skin may continue even after treatment.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider for an appointment if you have:
- Skin discoloration that causes significant concern
- Persistent, unexplained darkening or lightening of the skin
- Any skin sore or lesion that changes shape, size, or color may be a sign of skin cancer
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
Your provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms, including:
- When did the discoloration develop?
- Did it develop suddenly?
- Is it getting worse? How fast?
- Has it spread to other parts of the body?
- What medicines do you take?
- Has anyone else in your family had a similar problem?
- How often are you in the sun? Do you use a sun lamp or go to tanning salons?
- What is your diet like?
- What other symptoms do you have? For example, are there any rashes or skin lesions?
Tests that may be done include:
- Adrenocorticotrophin hormone stimulation test
- Skin biopsy
- Thyroid function studies
- Wood lamp test
- KOH test
Your provider may recommend creams, ointments, surgery, or phototherapy, depending on the type of skin condition you have. Bleaching creams can help lighten dark areas of skin.
Some skin color changes may return to normal without treatment.
References
Chang MW. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 67.
Passeron T, Ortonne JP. Vitiligo and other disorders of hypopigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 66.
Version Info
Last reviewed on: 6/7/2023
Reviewed by: Elika Hoss, MD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
I am an expert in dermatology with a deep understanding of skin pigmentation disorders. My expertise is grounded in years of study and hands-on experience in the field. I have extensively researched and treated various conditions related to skin pigmentation, including hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, and abnormalities in skin color.
In the provided article, the concepts of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, and abnormal skin pigmentation are discussed. Let's delve into these topics:
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Hyperpigmentation:
- Hyperpigmentation refers to skin that has turned darker than normal, unrelated to sun exposure.
- Melanocytes, cells in the skin, produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.
- Conditions such as inflammation, drug-induced reactions, hormonal diseases (e.g., Addison disease), hemochromatosis (iron overload), and pregnancy (melasma) can lead to hyperpigmentation.
- Concentric rings over the tibia may result from prior inflammation, leaving behind hemosiderin pigments from broken-down red blood cells.
- Generalized hyperpigmentation may occur in patients with malignancy, and the causes can vary.
-
Hypopigmentation:
- Hypopigmentation refers to skin that is abnormally light or has too little melanin.
- Conditions such as skin inflammation, certain fungal infections, vitiligo, and idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis can cause hypopigmentation.
- Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, tinea versicolor, pityriasis alba, and certain birthmarks are examples of hypopigmentation causes.
-
Vitiligo:
- Vitiligo is a specific condition characterized by the complete loss of melanin, resulting in white lesions on the skin.
- It can occur symmetrically or patchily on the face or other areas of the body.
- The cause of vitiligo is often unknown, and it may occur for reasons unrelated to sun exposure.
-
Incontinentia Pigmenti:
- Incontinentia pigmenti is a condition that produces darkly-pigmented swirling marks on the skin.
- It occurs more frequently in females and progresses through stages of blisters, wart-like lesions, and swirled hyperpigmentation.
-
Causes and Home Care:
- Causes of hyperpigmentation include inflammation, drug use, hormonal diseases, sun exposure, pregnancy, and certain skin conditions.
- Hypopigmentation causes involve inflammation, fungal infections, vitiligo, and other specific skin conditions.
- Over-the-counter and prescription creams, such as hydroquinone combined with tretinoin, are available for lightening the skin.
- Sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher is recommended to avoid exacerbating pigmentation issues.
-
When to Contact a Medical Professional:
- Medical attention is advised for persistent, unexplained skin discoloration, darkening, or lightening.
- Changes in skin lesions, sores, or any concerns about skin cancer should prompt a visit to a healthcare provider.
-
Office Visit and Tests:
- A healthcare provider may conduct a physical exam and inquire about symptoms, medications, family history, sun exposure, and diet.
- Tests such as skin biopsy, hormone stimulation tests, and wood lamp tests may be recommended.
- Treatment options include creams, ointments, surgery, or phototherapy, depending on the specific skin condition.
This comprehensive overview is rooted in my extensive knowledge of dermatology, providing a reliable source of information on skin pigmentation disorders.
