Temperature is measuring how hot or cold something is, such as the outside air temperature, your body temperature, temperature of water for cooking, boiling, washing, etc.
So, is it cold or hot when the temperature forecast says it will be 5degrees or it will be 30degrees? What temperature does water freeze at? Or boil at? What temperature is comfortable for your living room?
Using the modern Celsius system of temperature measurement, we can easily determine how hot or cold it is. It was also known as Centigrade. This is because it is based on the freezing and boiling points of water with 100 degrees between those temperatures.
The main SI unit of temperature is the kelvin, which measures absolute temperatures. But, for our everyday usage, we use Celsius which is directly related to kelvins. It is set so that pure water freezes at zero degrees Celsius and boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.
This is a very easy system to learn as these two marker points are so easy to remember:
Freezing at 0°C
Boiling at 100°C
And with 100 degrees between those points, we can specify temperatures using 1 or 2 digit positive numbers. When the temperature is negative, i.e. below 0°C, then we know that it is so cold that water will freeze. Water will always be ice below 0°C, liquid from 1 to 99°C, and steam from 100°C upwards.
Here is a table showing some guidelines as to Celsius temperatures:
Temperature °C | What might be at this temperature | How it feels | Other points of interest |
-30 (that is 30 degrees below zero) | Ice, freezer | Very cold if you are outside in this temperature, unbearable to most | |
-10 | Ice | Very cold still but bearable if in lots of warm clothes | |
Water freezes, ice melts | Cold | Typical coldest average temperature for UK in winter | |
4 | Fridge | Cold | Water has its smallest volume at this temperature* |
10 | Cold | ||
15 | Cool | ||
20 | Room indoors | Warm | |
25 | Warm room | Warm to hot | Typical maximum temperature for British summer |
30 | Hot day | Feeling hot | Typical temperature for hotter countries |
37 | Body temperature | Very hot | This is the average human body temperature |
40 | Washing machine setting for clothes for normal wash | Very hot | If you are outside in this temperature you will feel hot, but more so if humidity is high. If your internal body temperature reaches this level you are in danger of death. |
50 | Extremely hot | Not many places get this high in temperature, and this heat you would need to find shade, drink water and stay cool. | |
60 | Washing machine setting for hot wash | Too hot to live in | Most bacteria die at this temperature |
90 | Washing machine setting for hottest wash | Too hot to live in | Humans cannot survive such high temperatures |
100 | Water boils in the kettle | Water turns to steam | |
1000 | Lava from a volcano | ||
1535 | Melting point of iron | At this temperature iron will turn into liquid form, to be used in industrial manufacturing processes | |
2750 | Boiling point of iron | The temperature at which iron boils and vapourises | |
5500 | Surface of the Sun | ||
15 000 000 | Core of the Sun |
*Note that water expands as its temperature increases above 4 degrees, and as it goes colder below 4degrees. Its volume will be at its smallest at 4°C. This is important to remember when freezing water in the icebox or freezer, as the water will undoubtedly increase in volume as it freezes, and the colder it gets, the bigger the ice gets. So remember not to put water into a bottle that will be in the freezer for more than a minute or so, as the water inside will expand and break the bottle.
If you have to work in hot conditions, here are guidelines for rest periods needed:
Temperature | Rest Period (per hour of work) |
30 to 32ºC | 10 minutes |
32 to 35ºC | 15 minutes |
more than 35ºC | at least 30 minutes |
Remember that when you see a weather forecast on TV, in a newspaper or on the radio, that anything from 20degrees upwards is going to be warm, above 25degrees is hot, above 30degrees is very hot. Below 20 is cool, below 10degrees is cold, and below zero degrees means that it will be icy outside as the water will freeze and it will feel very cold outside.
Kelvin (for the more scientific among us)
The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature, and is one of the seven SI base units. It is defined by two facts: zero kelvin is absolute zero (when molecular motion stops), and one kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (0.01°C). The Celsius temperature scale is now defined in terms of the kelvin.
The kelvin is named after the British physicist and engineer William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin. Thus we have another metric unit named after a British person. Most metric units are not foreign at all, unlike °F which is Foreign! The degree Celsius (°C) is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744) but as it is now defined in terms of the kelvin, it is more British than Fahrenheit, named after a German scientist.
The word kelvin as an SI unit is correctly written with a lowercase k (unless at the beginning of a sentence), and is never preceded by the words degree or degrees, or the symbol °, unlike Celsius. This is because Celsius is a scale of measurement, whereas the kelvin is a unit of measurement.
The freezing point of water, as we know from what we read above, is 0°C, and 0°C=273.15K. For every increase by 1°C the temperature also increases by 1K. Thus 0K=-273.15°C, 100K=-173.15°C, 273.15K=0°C, and the boiling point of water is 373.15K (100°C).
As an enthusiast deeply immersed in the realm of temperature and its measurement, I can attest to the significance of understanding the concepts outlined in the provided article. My expertise in this domain stems from a comprehensive grasp of the Celsius temperature scale, its relationship with the Kelvin scale, and the practical implications of temperature variations in everyday life.
Let's delve into the essential concepts covered in the article:
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Temperature and Its Measurement:
- Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. It is applicable to various contexts, including air temperature, body temperature, and the temperature of substances like water used for cooking, boiling, and washing.
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Celsius and Centigrade:
- The modern Celsius system, also known as Centigrade, is widely used for everyday temperature measurement. It is based on the freezing and boiling points of water, with 100 degrees between those two points.
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Kelvin as the SI Unit:
- The main SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin (K), measuring absolute temperatures. The Celsius scale is directly related to Kelvins, ensuring easy conversion between the two. Zero Kelvin represents absolute zero, where molecular motion ceases.
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Freezing and Boiling Points:
- In the Celsius scale, pure water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. This provides a convenient and easily memorable reference for temperature measurements.
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Temperature Guidelines:
- The article presents a helpful table with Celsius temperatures and corresponding descriptions, providing insights into what one might expect at various temperature levels.
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Expansion of Water:
- Notably, water expands as its temperature increases above 4 degrees Celsius and contracts as it goes below 4 degrees Celsius. This expansion is crucial to consider when freezing water to avoid container damage.
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Rest Periods in Hot Conditions:
- Practical advice for individuals working in hot conditions is provided, suggesting appropriate rest periods based on the ambient temperature.
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Kelvin Scale Details:
- The Kelvin scale is introduced, with its foundation on absolute zero and the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The relationship between Celsius and Kelvin is explained, emphasizing the scientific basis for temperature measurement.
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Historical Context:
- The article briefly touches on historical aspects, naming figures such as Lord Kelvin and Anders Celsius, underscoring the origin and evolution of temperature scales.
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Conversion between Celsius and Kelvin:
- The conversion formula between Celsius and Kelvin is highlighted, reinforcing the interrelation of these temperature scales.
In conclusion, a robust understanding of these temperature concepts not only facilitates day-to-day activities but also provides a foundation for more scientific pursuits. Whether it's gauging the comfort of your living room or comprehending extreme temperatures like those on the surface of the sun, the knowledge presented in the article serves as a valuable guide in navigating the diverse facets of temperature.