Kentucky may be the home to 95% of the world’s bourbon whiskey today but it wasn’t always America’s whiskey homeplace. In fact, back before Kentucky was even a state the claim to America’s whiskey region was in the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, Maryland and modern the day Washington, D.C. area. And at that time the whiskey of choice wasn’t bourbon whiskey but its spicier cousin, rye whiskey.
1791 Census Shows 7% of the Pennsylvania Population Owned a Still
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According to the National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Pennsylvania was a hotbed of distilling in the late 1700s. In a paper compiled by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission at least 7% of the states residence reported owning a still. Keep in mind this is the number of those that reported they owned a still, chances are the actual number was much higher. Prohibition shut down all of the distilleries in the area and it wasn’t until the last decade that the area started to see a return to its whiskey roots.
The Launch of the Whiskey Rebellion Trail
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After three years of hard work, the idea of the Whiskey Rebellion Trail has been mashed, fermented, distilled, barreled, bottled and served up to whiskey fans in the Northeast. The Trail is made up of 75 craft distilleries and cultural institutions in the greater Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Washington, DC, and Baltimore area. The group is lead by Meredith Meyer Grelli Co-founder of Wigle Whiskey located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Grelli is the Founder and serves as the Chair for the Whiskey Rebellion Trail.
Editor’s Note: We encourage you to scroll down and click the Spotify Hamilton soundtrack play button while enjoying this story.
“It’s been really fun to work on. It’s been a three year project,” said Grelli. “We officially launched in July. We launched with 75 sites including craft distilleries and museums. It spans the geography from Philadelphia across Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh down to Baltimore and the D.C. region. The goal of the Trail is to tell the American Whiskey story.”
“What we wanted to do was tell this regions part in American Whiskey. You can tell a lot of American history through whiskey. The mid-Atlantic region is really where American whiskey was born. We produced rye whiskey; in my part of the world in Western Pennsylvania we produced Monongahela Rye. Rye whiskey was the most common, the most prevalent American whiskey prior to Prohibition and is what inspired the Whiskey Rebellion of the 1790s.”
Much like wine is known for its regional terroir based climate, soil and local conditions Mid-Atlantic distillers believe in a similar concept. Historically, that terroir was based in large part on Monongahela rye.
The National Park Service data says, “According to local histories, the Monongahela Valley was particularly suited to the growing of rye grain. Agricultural historian Stevenson Fletcher noted that rye yields were somewhat higher than those of wheat, especially in light or poor land or land under indifferent management. Fletcher also stated that more rye was grown in the colonial period up to 1840 than barley or oats.”
“English traveler, Henry Wansey, stated in 1794, that…whiskey is the general beverage of the back settlers because every man with a small still and little rye can produce it in his own house. Fletcher attributes William Strickland to stating in 1801 that all the backcountry of America is very favorable to the growth of rye, and it is entirely consumed in the distillation of whiskey.”
“We wanted to tell that story. Whiskey is what inspired America’s first excise tax and that it sparked our first national revolution and inspired George Washington to march 13,000 troops from Philadelphia across the state to western PA to put down the rebels in Pittsburgh. After the Rebellion Washington retired to Mt. Vernon and setup his own distillery there. We wanted to loop in that whole part of the story telling so the Trail follows George Washington’s path pretty loosely across PA down to D.C. and Mt. Vernon.”
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“We wanted to celebrate the history and educate about the history and create experiences around it. And this area, the Mid-Atlantic region, is one of the most prolific craft spirits producing regions in the country. We wanted to celebrate all of the craft producers that are making it so fruitful right now. You can experience the Trail through the craft spirits, you can experience it through the history, you can do a mix of the two and we’ve tried to craft passports across the region that give you opportunities to do both.”
Craig Davis, President & CEO of VisitPITTSBURGH and Founding Trail Advisory Board member said, “We see the Trail as a wonderful way to show off our region’s rich history as well as its emergence as an area with something for everyone, including spirits and craft beers, our arts and food scenes, family fun activities and great museums. The burgeoning craft distilleries of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Washington, D.C. represent one of the most prolific craft producing regions in the country.”
Every Distillery is a Reflection of the People Who Started It
Around the time of the launch Grelli did a part of the Trail, she said, “It’s been a really cool experience. On July 15 we did a launch trip ourselves where we did a version of the Whiskey Rebellion Rebirth Trail. We did four cities in four days. We visited 25 distilleries and a handful museums. It was remarkable to see how different each distillery is. It’s just so cool how each one is such a reflection, especially from a craft distillery perspective, such a reflection of the people who started it, and their personalities and how you can go to 25 distilleries and see 25 very different production businesses at work. It’s pretty cool and inspiring.”
Whiskey Rebellion Trail by Rail – All Aboard!
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Every route on the Trail is unique in its own way. This one in particular caught my eye – it’s a Whiskey Rebellion Trail by train. This one day Passport is only $29 plus train fare and will allow you to visit the greater Philadelphia area. The pass combines four distilleries including Boardroom Spirits, Dad’s Hat Pennsylvania Rye Whiskey, Five Saints Distilling and Thistle Finch Distillery. It also includes a cultural visit to Independence Visitor’s Center.
How to Travel the Whiskey Rebellion Trail
The new Trail offers fans lots of choices from simple day trips, regional trips around the state or a slower paced year long passport that you take your time. Visitors can follow a curated itinerary to travel along a multi-day Rebirth Trail, taking them through the heart of the Whiskey Rebellion and through each major city in the region, including Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Washington, DC and Philadelphia. Weekender and one-day passes are available for each region, including Washington, DC, Bedford, Lancaster and Bucks Counties and the Laurel Highlands in Pennsylvania.
The Whiskey Rebellion Trail is broken into four main parts depending on how much time visitors have and what they are looking to spend.
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The Rebellion – Greater Pittsburgh and surrounding Western Pennsylvania.
The March – Central Pennsylvania.
The Finale – Greater Washington, D.C. and Baltimore.
The Order – Philadelphia served as the nation’s capital in 1791 and the host to whiskey excise tax legislation.
The Rebirth – The big adventure covers all regions.
The items included in each package vary widely. Take a close look at each Trail and you will find a variety of spirit flight vouchers, distillery tours, discounts merchandise or bottle purchases, tasting flights, flight voucher, co*cktail vouchers, general admission to museums, or a guided tour voucher.
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What Distilleries are on the Whiskey Rebellion Trail?
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To get started the Whiskey Rebellion Trail is focusing on craft spirits distilleries and museums to tell the history of the Whiskey Rebellion. Next year the board plans on adding restaurants, bars and hotels into the mix and then finally transportation and tour service providers.
Passes include entrance to museums, including the Senator John Heinz History Center, George Washington’s Mount Vernon, and the Museum of the American Revolution, as well as co*cktails, flights and tours at the 70 participating distilleries. Passes will range in price from free to $359 for an annual pass where you can visit nearly every stop on the Trail. As always drink and travel responsibly.
1818 Records Show 25% of All Stills in the Early U.S. were in PA
The National Park Service Report goes on to say that, “Although historian Leland Baldwin stated that about 25% of United States stills in 1794 were located in the Monongahela county, it may be more accurate to say 25% of the stills were in Pennsylvania. The earliest known complete record is from Tench Coxe’s 1810 list of manufactures. This records 36 Pennsylvania counties with 3,594 distilleries. Of this number 799 were in southwestern Pennsylvania. (For unknown reasons Greene County was not listed with any distilleries.) This last number represents 22% of the total distilleries in Pennsylvania. Adam Seybert’s 1818 Statistical Annals notes 14,191 stills in the United States in 1810. Accordingly, 25% of all United States stills were located in Pennsylvania. (Please note that these early reports are often unreliable, but they are used here to give an idea what may have existed at that time.)”
View all Pennsylvania Distilleries. View all Maryland Distilleries. View all Washington, D.C. Distilleries.
Related Story What is American Rye Whiskey?
And for your listening pleasure, we encourage you to listen the Hamilton the Musical soundtrack as you read this story along with a glass filled with some American Rye Whiskey!
Source: U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places: Whiskey Rebellion Resources in Southwestern Pennsylvania
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In the 1790's farmers and distillers rebeled against legislation that threatened their livelihoods. That spirit is alive on the Whiskey Rebellion Trail. The trail stretches from Pennsylvania, through, Maryland, and all the way the nation's capitol. This stretch has proven to be fertile grounds for delicious spirits.
Pennsylvania was the birthplace of American whiskey. It all began here with the settling of eastern European farmers in the 17th century. They planted their rye seeds in Pennsylvania's rocky soils and distilled any surplus grain into whiskey.
The Whiskey Rebellion. In 1794, farmers from Western Pennsylvania rose up in protest of what they saw as unfair taxation and provided the new nation, and George Washington, with a looming crisis.
President Washington sought to resolve this dispute peacefully. In 1792, he issued a national proclamation admonishing westerners for their resistance to the "operation of the laws of the United States for raising revenue upon spirits distilled within the same."2 However, by 1794 the protests became violent.
Like the spelling, the true place of whisky's origin remains a point of deliberation between our friends in Ireland and Scotland, both claiming to have invented the spirit. North of the border, records of the Scottish Exchequer first evidenced a history of whisky in Scotland in production in the late 1400s.
Buffalo Trace claims to be the oldest continuously-operating distillery in the USA, though the name has changed over the years. Maker's Mark has the oldest bourbon distillery in the world, while Jack Daniel's is the oldest registered distillery in America.
In it, he writes about the importance of national unity while warning Americans of the political dangers of regionalism, partisanship and foreign influence, which they must avoid to remain true to their values.
The whiskey rebels fought not only for their liberty, but for the freedom to enjoy their spirits. The whiskey rebels fought not only for their liberty, but for the freedom to enjoy their spirits.
After a failed attempt at peace, Washington assumed emergency power to bring in the military and gain control of the situation. Washington's stance, along with the militia coming to town, was met by the instigators stepping down. In the end, those who were found guilty of treason were pardoned by Washington.
The farmers of western Pennsylvania, many of whom distilled whiskey and profited from its sale, proved outright hostile to the idea. In July of 1794, a force of disaffected whiskey rebels attacked and destroyed the home of a tax inspector.
Final answer: Western farmers suffered the most from the whiskey tax of 1791. The tax impacted their economic operations as they traditionally turned their surplus corn and rye into whiskey, which was both easier to transport and was often used as a form of exchange.
During the American Revolution, individual states incurred significant amounts of debt. In 1790, Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton pushed for the federal government to take over that debt. He also suggested an excise tax on whiskey to prevent further financial difficulty.
The whiskey produced in these areas often varied in flavor due to differences in grain and distillation methods. Kentucky, a land known for its limestone-filtered water and fertile soil, would emerge as the epicenter of American whiskey production.
Boasting over 24 breweries and 73 distilleries between 1837 and 1919, the “Whiskey Capital of the World” was an apt name for Peoria. The city was chosen by so many in the industry because of its plentiful supply of grains, clean and abundant spring water, dependable transportation, and fuel resources (wood and coal).
Of course, the search for America's best whiskey starts with the two states that are the spiritual home of the American whiskey industry – Kentucky and Tennessee. Many experts generally acknowledge Kentucky to be the premier whiskey-distilling region in the country, followed by Tennessee as a close second.
Old Overholt is America's oldest continually maintained brand of whiskey. It was founded in West Overton, Pennsylvania, in 1810. Old Overholt is a rye whiskey distilled by A. Overholt & Co., currently a subsidiary of Beam Suntory, which is a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan.
Introduction: My name is Kerri Lueilwitz, I am a courageous, gentle, quaint, thankful, outstanding, brave, vast person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.
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