The best way to understand society is to see how society has an impact on individuals. Society shapes our lives and provides us with the social world in which we live. Our role in society is generally to conform.
Functionalism and Marxism are theoretical approaches which emphasize that any research should bear this in mind and that the researcher should be looking for general patterns of behaviour which individuals may not be aware of.
The favoured research methods used by these sociologists tend to use quantitative methods by POSITIVISTS
This is the view that sociology should try to use more ‘scientific’ approaches and methods- questionnaires and official statistics.
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Bottom-Up Approach-Micro and Interpretive approach
InteractionismOnly way to understand society is, by studying the ways in which individuals interpret the world. All research must start at the bottom (individuals) and work upwards (society/world).
INTERPRETIVEsociologists tend to use qualitative methods where it allows the researcher to see the world from the same perspective of those being studied= individuals.
The top-down approach focuses more on the part where it breaks down the certain problem into much smaller parts. But on the contrary, the bottom-up approach first keeps its focus on solving the smaller problems and then integrating them into a whole and complete solution.
The top-down approach relies on higher authority figures to determine larger goals that will filter down to the tasks of lower level employees. In comparison, the bottom-up style of communication features a decision-making process that gives the entire staff a voice in company goals.
With a much more structured control, the top-down approach creates a plan faster by eliminating complex and time-consuming coordination tasks. Its biggest disadvantage, on the other hand, is the unrealistic and unattainable targets that result from the disconnect between management and individual departments.
How the Two Approaches Are Different (Yet Complementary) The bottom-up method to data science tends to be unstructured and exploratory. It lets the data lead to a result, while the top-down method defines a problem to be solved and constructs an experiment to solve it.
Perception. Bottom-up processing is the process of 'sensation' and top-down is the process of 'perception'. Sensation is the input of sensory information from our external environment that is received by our sensory receptors.
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