- white-collar and corporate crime--criminal offense committed in pursuit of business by people and corporate mangers who are usually considered respectable and enjoy high status
- deviant subcultures--groups that develop values and norms considered outside the culture of the dominant population; examples of deviant subcultures include some musical groups, youth gangs, alternative lifestyles, and nontraditional religious communities.
- A deviant subculture may be considered "deviant" because it is involved in behavior that threatens the mainstream population or because it is labeled as deviant by the mainstream population.
- Social deviance: the order vs. the conflict perspective
- the order perspective emphasizes the failure of certain groups to internalize the necessary values and norms
- the conflict perspective emphasizes the history of subordination and injustice of the dominant social system
Social Control--
- (def.): in sociology "social control" concerns how conformity is promoted, including through the punishment of deviant behavior
- Social control through positive and negative sanctions--
- positive sanctions are rewards (from a hug to monetary rewards for exceptional performance)
- negative sanctions are punishments (from a frown to the death penalty)
- Social control through formal and informal means--
- formal social control--this includes the use of contracts or rules (often in written form); this form of control is often found in organizational settings (such as in bureaucracies)
- informal social control--this includes casual and familiar methods such as gossip, stigmas, giving someone a "cold shoulder," and ostracizing someone
- macro structures of social control
- culture
- institutions (economy, bureaucracies, the state, etc.)
- informal social control is practiced within mechanisms of formal social control ("the hidden side of bureaucracies")
General modes of social control and influence--
- charismatic
- normative
- instrumental
- coercive
- genocide
- emotional
