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Hash Functions
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Digital Signatures
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Key Generation
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Key Storage
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Key Usage
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Key Security
Digital keys are essential for data security, as they enable encryption, decryption, authentication, and verification of data. But how do you generate and store digital keys securely? In this article, we will explain the basics of hash functions and digital signatures, and share some best practices for creating and managing digital keys.
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1 Hash Functions
A hash function is a mathematical function that takes any input data and produces a fixed-length output, called a hash or a digest. The hash function has two important properties: it is one-way and collision-resistant. This means that it is easy to compute the hash from the input, but hard to find the input from the hash, and hard to find two different inputs that produce the same hash. Hash functions are useful for verifying the integrity and authenticity of data, as any change in the input will result in a different hash.
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- Fred Cohen Cybersecurity Board Member for Your Public Company / Trusted Advisor / Cybersecurity Guru | We Help Grow Companies
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The term best practice as it applies to cybersecurity issues is a misnomer. There are different practices that are reasonable and appropriate for different situations. Well cryptographic hash functions are useful, they are also brittle with respect to any bit changing producing an unusable outcome. There are many techniques for using overlapping partial hash functions and other similar sorts of things that were around long before blockchain and that address these issues in a variety of ways. And of course cryptographic techniques in general are only medium surety with rare exceptions. These issues need to be addressed in the larger context of the entity, so the process starts with knowing who you are and where you were going.
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2 Digital Signatures
A digital signature is a way of signing a message or a document with a private key, which can be verified by anyone who has the corresponding public key. A digital signature consists of two steps: signing and verifying. Signing involves applying a hash function to the message, and then encrypting the hash with the private key. Verifying involves decrypting the hash with the public key, and comparing it with the hash of the message. If they match, the signature is valid and the message is authentic and untampered.
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3 Key Generation
Key generation is the process of creating a pair of keys: a private key and a public key. The private key is a secret value that should never be shared or exposed, while the public key is a public value that can be distributed and used by others. The keys are mathematically related, but it is computationally infeasible to derive the private key from the public key. There are different algorithms for generating keys, such as RSA, DSA, ECC, and so on. The choice of algorithm depends on the security level, performance, and compatibility required.
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4 Key Storage
Key storage is the process of storing and protecting the keys from unauthorized access or loss. The keys should be stored in a secure location, such as a hardware device, a software module, or a cloud service. The keys should also be encrypted with a passphrase or a master key, and backed up regularly. The keys should be managed according to a key lifecycle policy, which defines how long the keys are valid, when they should be renewed, rotated, or revoked, and how they should be disposed of.
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5 Key Usage
Key usage is the process of using the keys for encryption, decryption, signing, or verifying data. The keys should be used according to their intended purpose and scope, and not mixed or reused for different applications or domains. The keys should also be used with appropriate protocols and standards, such as SSL/TLS, SSH, PGP, S/MIME, and so on. The keys should be audited and monitored for any anomalies or breaches, and reported and remediated accordingly.
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6 Key Security
Key security is the process of ensuring that the keys are safe from attacks or compromise. The keys should be protected from physical or logical threats, such as theft, damage, malware, phishing, brute force, or side-channel attacks. The keys should also be compliant with the relevant laws and regulations, such as GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS, and so on. The keys should be reviewed and updated regularly to maintain their security and effectiveness.
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- Prabjit Singh Information Security, Cybersecurity, Privacy, Audit and Compliance Management
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Key rotationRemember to rotate your keys every quarterUse key encryption options availableAudit regularly all vaults where digital keys are stored
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