Video Science
How long does it take for a human body to decompose in a grave?
Gina Echevarria and Shira Polan
2019-08-16T13:00:00Z
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Following is a transcript of the video.
Your body is made up of over 200 bones, a few trillion microbes, and as many as 37 trillion cells. And while death is often thought of as the end of the line for your self, your body still has a long way to go.
It doesn't take long before your body starts to lose what makes you you. Just a few minutes after death, one of the first things to go is your brain. You see, when your heart stops beating, it halts blood flow, which is supposed to transport oxygen to your organs and tissues. So without blood, the most active, oxygen-guzzling organs and tissues go first. And the results are...moist. Because the cells that make up those organs and tissues are 70% water. Without oxygen to keep them alive, the cells self-destruct, spilling all that fluid onto the coffin floor.
By that night, an even more troubling process begins in the gut. Your dying immune system can no longer contain the trillions of hungry microbes that normally help digest the food you eat. So they escape. First, they travel from the lower intestines through your tissues, veins, and arteries. Within hours, they reach your liver and gallbladder, which contain a yellow-green bile meant for breaking down fat when you're alive. But after the microbes are through eating those organs, that bile starts to flood the body, staining it a yellow-green.
From about day two to four, the microbes are everywhere. And they're producing toxic gases, like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which will expand and cause your body to not only bloat, but stink.
After three or four months, your yellow-green complexion has turned brownish-black because your blood vessels have deteriorated to the point that the iron inside them spills out, becoming brownish-black as it oxidizes. Also around this time, the molecular structures that hold your cells together break away, so your tissues collapse into a watery mush.
And in a little over a year, your cotton clothes disintegrate, as acidic body fluids and toxins break them down. Only the nylon seams and waistband survive. At this point, nothing dramatic happens for a while. But by a decade in, given enough moisture, the wet, low-oxygen environment sets off a chemical reaction that turns the fat in your thighs and butt to a soap-like substance called grave wax. On the other hand, drier conditions lead to mummification. That's right, you can mummify naturally. No wrappings, chemicals, or intimidating instruments required. Because throughout this entire decomposition process, water is evaporating through the thin skin on your ears, nose, and eyelids, causing them to dry out and turn black, aka mummify.
By 50 years in, your tissues will have liquefied and disappeared, leaving behind mummified skin and tendons. Eventually these too will disintegrate, and after 80 years in that coffin, your bones will crack as the soft collagen inside them deteriorates, leaving nothing but the brittle mineral frame behind. But even that shell won't last forever.
A century in, the last of your bones will have collapsed into dust. And only the most durable part of your body, your teeth, will remain. Teeth, grave wax, and some nylon threads.
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Following is a transcript of the video.
Your body is made up of over 200 bones, a few trillion microbes, and as many as 37 trillion cells. And while death is often thought of as the end of the line for your self, your body still has a long way to go.
It doesn't take long before your body starts to lose what makes you you. Just a few minutes after death, one of the first things to go is your brain. You see, when your heart stops beating, it halts blood flow, which is supposed to transport oxygen to your organs and tissues. So without blood, the most active, oxygen-guzzling organs and tissues go first. And the results are...moist. Because the cells that make up those organs and tissues are 70% water. Without oxygen to keep them alive, the cells self-destruct, spilling all that fluid onto the coffin floor.
By that night, an even more troubling process begins in the gut. Your dying immune system can no longer contain the trillions of hungry microbes that normally help digest the food you eat. So they escape. First, they travel from the lower intestines through your tissues, veins, and arteries. Within hours, they reach your liver and gallbladder, which contain a yellow-green bile meant for breaking down fat when you're alive. But after the microbes are through eating those organs, that bile starts to flood the body, staining it a yellow-green.
From about day two to four, the microbes are everywhere. And they're producing toxic gases, like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, which will expand and cause your body to not only bloat, but stink.
After three or four months, your yellow-green complexion has turned brownish-black because your blood vessels have deteriorated to the point that the iron inside them spills out, becoming brownish-black as it oxidizes. Also around this time, the molecular structures that hold your cells together break away, so your tissues collapse into a watery mush.
And in a little over a year, your cotton clothes disintegrate, as acidic body fluids and toxins break them down. Only the nylon seams and waistband survive. At this point, nothing dramatic happens for a while. But by a decade in, given enough moisture, the wet, low-oxygen environment sets off a chemical reaction that turns the fat in your thighs and butt to a soap-like substance called grave wax. On the other hand, drier conditions lead to mummification. That's right, you can mummify naturally. No wrappings, chemicals, or intimidating instruments required. Because throughout this entire decomposition process, water is evaporating through the thin skin on your ears, nose, and eyelids, causing them to dry out and turn black, aka mummify.
By 50 years in, your tissues will have liquefied and disappeared, leaving behind mummified skin and tendons. Eventually these too will disintegrate, and after 80 years in that coffin, your bones will crack as the soft collagen inside them deteriorates, leaving nothing but the brittle mineral frame behind. But even that shell won't last forever.
A century in, the last of your bones will have collapsed into dust. And only the most durable part of your body, your teeth, will remain. Teeth, grave wax, and some nylon threads.
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As an expert in biology and human anatomy, I can confidently explain the decomposition process of a human body based on the information provided in the article titled "How long does it take for a human body to decompose in a grave?" by Gina Echevarria and Shira Polan. The decomposition of a human body is a complex biological process influenced by various factors such as environmental conditions, microbial activity, and the body's own chemical composition.
The decomposition process begins shortly after death. Within minutes, when the heart stops beating, oxygenated blood no longer reaches the organs and tissues, leading to cellular death. Without oxygen, cells begin to break down, releasing fluids and causing the body to lose its form.
Following death, microbes in the body, normally involved in digestion, begin to proliferate as the immune system weakens. They travel through the body, breaking down organs and causing the release of bile, resulting in a yellow-green discoloration.
Within days, the body starts bloating due to the production of gases like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide by these microbes. After a few months, blood vessels deteriorate, leading to a change in coloration as iron spills out and oxidizes.
Over time, tissues collapse into a watery mush, and clothing disintegrates due to acidic fluids and toxins. Different environmental conditions can lead to either the formation of grave wax (in moist environments) or mummification (in drier conditions).
Within 50 years, tissues liquefy and disappear, leaving behind mummified skin and tendons. After around 80 years, bones begin to deteriorate, eventually collapsing into dust. Only the teeth, being durable, remain after a century.
The decomposition timeline outlined in the article demonstrates the intricate processes involving microbial activity, chemical reactions, and environmental factors influencing the breakdown of a human body within a grave.
Concepts covered in this article and relevant to understanding the decomposition process include:
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Biology and Anatomy: Understanding the structure and composition of the human body, including bones, tissues, cells, and organs.
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Microbial Activity: The role of microbes in the decomposition process, including their proliferation and breakdown of bodily tissues.
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Chemical Reactions: Various chemical changes occurring within the body after death, leading to discoloration, gas production, and breakdown of tissues.
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Environmental Factors: How environmental conditions such as moisture levels influence decomposition outcomes, leading to mummification or the formation of grave wax.
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Long-Term Decomposition: Detailed stages and changes occurring over time, from the initial stages of cellular breakdown to the eventual deterioration of bones and the persistence of teeth.
These concepts encompass the intricate biological, chemical, and environmental aspects involved in the decomposition of a human body within a grave.
