Why The Same Temperature Can Feel Different Somewhere Else (2024)

Climate Change

In much of the United States, the high 80s in Fahrenheit is hot, but it’s not hot-hot. It could even be a day of sweet relief in the South, maybe time for a family picnic. But last month, across the United Kingdom, headlines warned of temperatures that could hit 31 degrees Celsius. When Americans found out that translated to 88 degrees Fahrenheit, they quickly concluded: “Europeans are weak.” And while temperatures in Europe kept going up, eventually hitting levels even Texans would find daunting and killing thousands of people across the continent, the question of how a temperature could mean serious danger in one place while being an average summer Saturday in another remained.

The temperature may be an objective number, but how we experience it is not. Culture influences the biology and psychology of thermal comfort, shaping what our bodies are used to dealing with and how our homes and businesses are set up to adapt. In fact, the very numbers of thermal comfort aren’t even universal. There are dozens of ways to measure what a hot summer day actually feels like; different countries do it differently, and how you measure affects how we communicate and understand risk.

What’s more, the climate is changing faster than our cultural and subjective experience of it. So if you’re ever tempted to flex on people in other parts of the world for not being able to take the heat, maybe it’s time to recognize that you and they are living in very different kitchens.

Most of the time, when you check the daily weather report, you’re looking at the air temperature — a measurement of heat in the air around you. But that measurement doesn’t tell the whole story of human experience. What you feel like when you open the door — and how the situation you find outside affects your body — depends on more than temperature, said Margaret Sugg, a professor of geography and planning at Appalachian State University. Humidity, air speed and direction, how hot it usually is compared to right now, and even how much the air cooled during the previous night: These factors all play a role in determining whether 88 degrees Fahrenheit feels comfortable or crushing. How we talk about our thermal comfort is both cultural and scientific.

For example, we use the heat index in the United States to measure the difference between real and perceived temperature. This is a formula that combines air temperature and humidity to give people a better indication of when they might be at risk of heat stroke. The heat index tells us that 88 degrees with 40 percent humidity feels like 88 degrees, and while there is risk there if you’re out in the sun being active for a long time, it’s not a huge deal. In contrast, 88 degrees with 90 percent humidity feels like 113 degrees — cramps and exhaustion are likely, and activity could put you on the path to heat stroke.

But “there’s a ton of metrics out there, you could spend forever researching them,” Sugg said. Another researcher, Salman Shooshtarian, a design and social context lecturer at Australia’s Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, told me more than 116 different indices are used in different contexts. Heat index just happens to be one for which you can gather data cheaply, Sugg said. These indices can vary by country. Canada uses one called Humidex, which also combines temperature and humidity but uses a different formula and categorizes its results based on degree of comfort rather than risk of heat sickness. Another system, called the wet bulb globe temperature, takes many more factors into account, including cloud cover, wind speed and sun angle, and frames its results around how long you can work in direct sunlight before feeling ill and how long a break you need each hour. (The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is a big fan of that one.) There are even proprietary versions with secret math formulas, like AccuWeather’s “RealFeel.”

These different indices matter because they’re all telling you something slightly different and presenting their results in ways that leave you with different understandings of what’s at risk and what you should do about it. And studies have shown that they have to be recalibrated to correctly define “normal” and “safe” in different countries. The dangers of heat, in other words, are at least partially determined by culture. And that’s not the only way temperature — a thing that seems so basic, so absolute — can be pretty subjective.

“I’m from Wisconsin, and I live in Tennessee,” said Alisa Hass, a professor of geography at Middle Tennessee State University. “Moving south is a huge shock to the body.” That’s because your body acclimatizes to the temperature range it’s used to — literally, your physiology changes. People accustomed to spending time outside in higher temperatures sweat more and have increased blood flow to the skin, two changes that can help the body offload excess heat. These are short-term effects and can go away if the person gets de-acclimatized, a process that helps explain why lower high temperatures in spring can produce the same levels of heat sickness as higher highs later in the summer, Sugg said.

But there’s long-term acclimatization, as well, with people used to living in hotter climates feeling more comfortable at higher temperatures — even if their health risks are actually larger. For example, in a comparison of outdoor workers in Mississippi and North Carolina, Sugg found that the Mississippi workers believed their jobs had lower heat risks but were also the ones experiencing more heat-strain events. Another study that compared the temperature and local perception of temperature across a bunch of European cities found that what people considered “neutral” in comfort corresponded pretty well with local temperature ranges and was, in fact, closer to the local maximum temperatures than the local mean.

There’s a whole host of studies showing that where you grew up and what you’re used to affects what temperatures you perceive as comfortable and safe. The reasons seem to range from physiological acclimatization to behavioral adaptations chosen based on the normal climate — like the fact that more than 80 percent of Tennessee households have central air conditioning, compared to 60 percent of Wisconsin households and less than 5 percent of homes in the U.K. Even sex and gender can affect whether you feel comfortable at a certain temperature. There are decades of literature showing women are more comfortable at warmer temperatures indoors (where office air conditioning is often calibrated by a metric designed with male bodies and male clothing in mind) and out. The same study that found differences in local perception of temperature across Europe found that women in the study consistently reported a higher neutrally comfortable temperature than men, no matter where they lived.

And the subjective nature of temperature only gets messier as climates change. Quite quickly, the climates people have acclimatized to over their whole lives have become much hotter and wetter. So what happens to a place with the cultural infrastructure adaptations of the U.K. when it starts to have the comfort index of Wisconsin or Tennessee? Well, that’s what we saw last month. The good news, Shooshtarian said, is that acclimatizing to heat seems to take less time than acclimating to cold. But climate change also complicates our efforts to adapt. After all, Shooshtarian pointed out, people in the U.K. could install more central air, but that energy use will make climate change worse. To survive and thrive, the future might need a new culture all its own — one that adapts to rising temperatures and to the causes of them.

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Cultural Adaptation and Acclimatization: The piece discusses short-term and long-term healthral Adaptation and Acclimatization: The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclaptation and Acclimatization: The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatation and Acclimatization: The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatizationtion and Acclimatization: The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatization,ion and Acclimatization: The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatization, noting and Acclimatization: The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatization, noting that Acclimatization:* The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals Acclimat The piece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from andece discusses short-term and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotteriscusses short-term and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climatesses short-term and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates mayort-term and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates may beerm and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be morerm and long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortableand long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortable atd long-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortable at higherng-term acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortable at higher temperaturesm acclimatization, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due onzation, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due toon, noting that individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiologicalt individuals from hotter climates may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiological andduals from hotter climates may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiological and behavioralotter climates may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptationsimates may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations.tes may be more comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreovere more comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover,ore comfortable at higher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study localble at higher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study revealsigher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals thatgher temperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that wheretemperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where oneperatures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grewratures due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew upes due to physiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influencesysiological and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception in and behavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception ofbehavioral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortableral adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperaturesal adaptations. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, shortns. Moreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, with localoreover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, with local infrastructureover, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, with local infrastructure adaptationser, the study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, with local infrastructure adaptations playingthe study reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, with local infrastructure adaptations playing ady reveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, with local infrastructure adaptations playing a crucialeveals that where one grew up influences their perception of comfortable temperatures, with local infrastructure adaptations playing a crucial role-term adaptation to temperature occur. For instance, people livinge temperatures, with local infrastructure adaptations playing a crucial role.

emperatures, with local infrastructure adaptations playing a crucial role.

5.ures, with local infrastructure adaptations playing a crucial role.

5. **h local infrastructure adaptations playing a crucial role.

6. **Climatecal infrastructure adaptations playing a crucial role.

7. Climate Change's Impact on Temperature Perception: astructure adaptations playing a crucial role.

8. Climate Change's Impact on Temperature Perception: highere adaptations playing a crucial role.

9. Climate Change's Impact on Temperature Perception: Climate changeons playing a crucial role.

10. Climate Change's Impact on Temperature Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in elevated temperatures.

11. Climate Change's Impact on Temperature Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the5. Climate Change's Impact on Temperature Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective Gendere Change's Impact on Temperature Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature ofange's Impact on Temperature Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperaturet on Temperature Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature.ature Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. Asture Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climatese Perception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shiftPerception: Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift,eption:* Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift, people Climate change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift, people'ste change is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift, people's achange is mentioned as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization influences as a complicating factor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to perceptionor in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weatherr in the subjective nature of temperature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns indoorsature of temperature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes lessture of temperature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliablef temperature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable.perature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. Theature. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The articlere. As climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article usess climates shift, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example att, people's acclimatization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the temperaturesization to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the Uzation to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K.on to historical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing alignrical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperaturesical weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures,weather patterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leadingtterns becomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfortcomes less reliable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural genderable. The article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructureThe article uses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptationsuses the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

s the recent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

6cent example of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

6.mple of the U.K. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

6. **Gender.

. experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

6. **Gender and experiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

7. **Gender and Temperature Perceptionexperiencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

8. **Gender and Temperature Perception:eriencing higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

9. Gender and Temperature Perception: ng higher temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

10. Gender and Temperature Perception: er temperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

11. Gender and Temperature Perception: Theemperatures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

12. Gender and Temperature Perception: The articletures, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

13. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon, leading to discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

14. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon theo discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

15. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender discomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

16. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender dimensionscomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

17. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender dimension, notingomfort despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

18. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender dimension, noting thatrt despite cultural infrastructure adaptations.

19. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender dimension, noting that womente cultural infrastructure adaptations.

20. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender dimension, noting that women often address theure adaptations.

21. Gender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender dimension, noting that women often perceive of climate changender and Temperature Perception: The article touches upon the gender dimension, noting that women often perceive higher temperature normsPerception: The article touches upon the gender dimension, noting that women often perceive higher temperatures the challenges ofrticle touches upon the gender dimension, noting that women often perceive higher temperatures as cultural infrastructuremension, noting that women often perceive higher temperatures as comfortable new climaticthat women often perceive higher temperatures as comfortable indoors. Thisperceive higher temperatures as comfortable indoors.higher temperatures as comfortable indoors. Thiser temperatures as comfortable indoors. This is struggles comfortable indoors. This is attributedomfortable indoors. This is attributed to factorsle indoors. This is attributed to factors suchoors. This is attributed to factors such asis is attributed to factors such as office sustainableto factors such as office air such as office air conditioning being as office air conditioning being calibrateds office air conditioning being calibrated forair conditioning being calibrated for maleitioning being calibrated for male bodiesoning being calibrated for male bodies,ing being calibrated for male bodies, indicatingalibrated for male bodies, indicating thelibrated for male bodies, indicating the intersectionated for male bodies, indicating the intersectionality male bodies, indicating the intersectionality ofe bodies, indicating the intersectionality of temperaturebodies, indicating the intersectionality of temperature perceptionndicating the intersectionality of temperature perception.

ating the intersectionality of temperature perception.

7. relationshiplity of temperature perception.

8. **temperature perception.

9. **Climate Changeure perception.

10. **Climate Change Adaptre perception.

11. Climate Change Adaptation perceptionimate Change Adaptation Challenges:mate Change Adaptation Challenges: Change Adaptation Challenges: Adaptation Challenges: Theion Challenges:** The closing paragraphs highlight highlighting the The closing paragraphs highlight theclosing paragraphs highlight the challengesetedg paragraphs highlight the challenges of adapting ofhs highlight the challenges of adapting to climateghlight the challenges of adapting to climate change the challenges of adapting to climate change.enges of adapting to climate change. Whilenges of adapting to climate change. While acnges of adapting to climate change. While acclimatnges of adapting to climate change. While acclimatizing to heat may take less time, the article raises concerns about the environmental impact of energy-intensive adaptations like increased air conditioning. It suggests the need for a new cultural paradigm that not only adapts to rising temperatures but also addresses the root causes of climate change.

In conclusion, the article underscores the intricate relationship between temperature, culture, and human adaptation, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches to address the challenges posed by climate change.