What Is Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB)?
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period.
The process of zero-based budgeting starts from a “zero base,” and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. The budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether each budget is higher or lower than the previous one.
Key Takeaways
- Zero-based budgeting is a technique used by companies, but this type of budgeting can be used by individuals and families.
- Budgets are created around the monetary needs for each upcoming period, like a month or a year.
- Traditional budgeting and zero-based budgeting are two methods used to track expenditures.
- Zero-based budgeting helps managers lower costs for a company.
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How Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) Works
In business, ZBB allows top-level strategic goals to be implemented into the budgeting process by tying them to specific functional areas of the organization, where costs can be first grouped and then measured against previous results and current expectations.
Because of its detail-oriented nature, zero-based budgeting may be a rolling process done over several years, with a few functional areas reviewed at a time by managers or group leaders. Zero-based budgeting can help lower costs by avoiding blanket increases or decreases to a prior period’s budget. It is, however, a time-consuming process that takes much longer than traditional, cost-based budgeting.
The practice also favors areas that achieve direct revenues or production, as their contributions are more easily justifiablethan in departments such as client service and research and development.
Zero-based budgeting, primarily used in business, can be used by individuals and families, too.
Zero-Based Budgeting vs. Traditional Budgeting
Traditional budgeting calls for incremental increases over previous budgets, such as a 2% increase in spending, as opposed to a justification of both old and new expenses, as called for with zero-based budgeting.
Traditional budgeting also only analyzes new expenditures, while ZBB starts from zero and calls for a justification of old, recurring expenses in addition to new expenditures. Zero-based budgeting aims to put the onus on managers to justify expenses and aims to drive value for an organization by optimizing costs and not just revenue.
Example of Zero-Based Budgeting
Suppose a construction equipment company implements a zero-based budgeting process calling for closer scrutiny of manufacturing department expenses. The company notices that the cost of certain parts used in its final products and outsourced to another manufacturer increases by 5% every year. The company can make those parts in-house using its workers. After weighing the positives and negatives of in-house manufacturing, the company finds it can make the parts cheaper than the outside supplier.
Instead of blindly increasing the budget by a certain percentage and masking the cost increase, the company can identifya situation in which it can decide to make the part itself or buy the part from the external supplier for its end products.
Traditional budgeting may not allow cost drivers within departments to be identified. Zero-based budgeting is a more granular process that aims to identify and justify expenditures. However, zero-based budgeting is also more involved, so the costs of the process itself must be weighed against the savings it may identify.
What Is Zero-Based Budgeting?
Zero-based budgeting originated in the late 1960s by former Texas Instruments account manager Peter Pyhrr. Unlike traditional budgeting, zero-based budgeting starts at zero, justifying each individual expense for a reporting period.
Zero-based budgeting starts from scratch, analyzing each granular need of the company, instead of incremental budgeting increases found in traditional budgeting. Essentially, this allows for a strategic, top-down approach to analyze the performance of a given project.
What Are the Advantages of Zero-Based Budgeting?
As an accounting practice, zero-based budgeting offers a number of advantages, including focused operations, lower costs, budget flexibility, and strategic execution. When managers think about how each dollar is spent, the highest revenue-generating operations come into greater focus. Meanwhile, lowered costs may result as zero-based budgeting may prevent the misallocation of resources that may happen over time when a budget grows incrementally.
What Are the Disadvantages of Zero-Based Budgeting?
Zero-based budgeting has a number of disadvantages.
First, it is timely and resource-intensive. Because a new budget is developed each period, the time cost involved may not be worthwhile. Instead, using a modified budget template may prove more beneficial.
Second, it may reward short-term perspectives in the company by allocating more resources to operations with the highest revenues. In turn, areas such as research and development, or those that have a long-term horizon, may get overlooked.
The Bottom Line
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a budgeting method that justifies all expenses for each new period. The process begins from a “zero base,” analyzing every function within an organization for its needs and costs. Then budgets are built around what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether each budget is higher or lower than its predecessor.
