A 300-year drought may have caused the demise of several Mediterranean cultures, including ancient Greece, new research suggests.
A sharp drop in rainfall may have led to the collapse of several eastern Mediterranean civilizations, including ancient Greece, around 3,200 years ago. The resulting famine and conflict may help explain why the entire Hittite culture, chariot-riding people who ruled most of the region of Anatolia, vanished from the planet, according to a study published Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE.
Lost golden period
Even during the heyday of Classical Greek civilization, there were hints of an earlier culture that was lost. Homer's "Iliad," written in the eighth century B.C. about a legendary war between Sparta and Troy, paints a picture of sophisticated Greek city-states, which archaeological evidence suggests once existed. [ The 7 Most Mysterious Archaeological Discoveries ]
"The classical Greek folks knew from the very beginning that they were coming out of a dark age," said Brandon Lee Drake, an archaeologist at the University of New Mexico, who was not involved in the study.
The ancient Hittite empire of Anatolia began a precipitous decline around 3,300 B.C. Around the same time, the Egyptian empire was invaded by marauding sea bandits, called the Sea People, and the ancient Mycenaean culture of Greece collapsed. Over the next 400 years, ancient cities were burned to the ground and were never rebuilt, Drake said.
But the cause of this Bronze Age collapse has been shrouded in mystery. Some archaeologists believed economic hardships caused the demise, while others proposed that massive tsunamis, earthquakes or a mega-drought was the cause.
Past studies looking for drought typically only found evidence showing it occurred for short periods of time, making it hard to make conclusions about the whole period, Drake said.
Mega-drought
Toward that end, David Kaniewski, an archaeologist at the University of Paul Sabatier-Toulouse in France, and his colleagues collected ancient sediment cores from Larnaca Salt Lake, near Hala Sultan Tekke in Cyprus. The lake was once a harbor, but became landlocked thousands of years ago.
A decline in marine plankton and pollen from marine sea grass revealed that the lake was once a harbor that opened to the sea until around 1450 B.C., when the harbor transformed over 100 years into a landlocked lagoon. Pollen also revealed that by 1200 B.C., agriculture in the area dwindled and didn't rebound until about 850 B.C.
"This climate shift caused crop failures, dearth and famine, which precipitated or hastened socioeconomic crises and forced regional human migrations," the authors write in the paper.
The results bolster the notion that a massive drought caused the Bronze Age collapse, Drake said.
"It's getting hard to argue that there wasn't as significant change in climate at that time," Drake told LiveScience.
Famine may have caused the huge migration of people en masse — which may be the reason that the mysterious Sea People who invaded Egypt brought their families along, Drake said.
As ancient cultures battled for dwindling resources, they burned the great cities of the day to the ground. In the heart of these dark ages, the ancient Mycenaens lost their writing system, called Linear B, and correspondence between countries slowed to a trickle, Drake said.
Ironically, those who suffered through those dark times may not have realized the cause of their misery.
"It happened over 200 years. People may not have even recognized the climate was changing, because it was happening so slowly over their lifetime," Drake said.
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Tia Ghose
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The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought playedgested to have precipitated socioeconomic crises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played ated to have precipitated socioeconomic crises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotalo have precipitated socioeconomic crises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal roleipitated socioeconomic crises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role intated socioeconomic crises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in theocioeconomic crises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronzecioeconomic crises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Agecrises and forced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapseforced human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse.ed human migrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. Theigrations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notionations in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion thatns in the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that then the region. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration,gion. The study's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of invadedudy's findings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of thefindings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea Peopleindings strengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People mighttrengthen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might havehen the argument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have beenrgument that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by. that a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famineat a massive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine alignsive drought played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine alignsght played a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns withd a pivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with thepivotal role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broaderl role in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader contextle in the Bronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context ofBronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancientronze Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient culturese Age collapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battlingcollapse. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling fore. The notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindThe notion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindlingnotion that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindling resourcesn that the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindling resources,t the migration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindling resources, resultingigration of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindling resources, resulting in the burning ofation of the Sea People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindling resources, resulting in the burning of great ground. The People might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindling resources, resulting in the burning of great cities might have been driven by famine aligns with the broader context of ancient cultures battling for dwindling resources, resulting in the burning of great cities.
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The dark age is further highlighted by the loss of the Mycenaean writing system, Linear B, and a slowdown in international correspondence.
In conclusion, the evidence presented in the article, drawing on sediment coresresented in the article, drawing on sediment cores and byhe article, drawing on sediment cores and ecological theing on sediment cores and ecological data anddiment cores and ecological data,ceptible nature of climate changertser the span of 200 yearshe span of 200 years,200 years, suggesting years, suggesting thatears, suggesting that thears, suggesting that the affected, suggesting that the affected populationsgesting that the affected populations mayng that the affected populations may not that the affected populations may not havethe affected populations may not have fully affected populations may not have fully grasffected populations may not have fully graspedlations may not have fully grasped the may not have fully grasped the underlying fully grasped the underlying causelly grasped the underlying cause of their misery.grasped the underlying cause of their misery. This insight adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of how these ancient societieshe underlying cause of their misery. This insight adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of how these ancient societies navigated through a period of profound environmentalunderlying cause of their misery. This insight adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of how these ancient societies navigated through a period of profound environmental andse of their misery. This insight adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of how these ancient societies navigated through a period of profound environmental and societalsery. This insight adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of how these ancient societies navigated through a period of profound environmental and societal uphehis insight adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of how these ancient societies navigated through a period of profound environmental and societal upheavalinsight adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of how these ancient societies navigated through a period of profound environmental and societal upheaval.
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In summary, the research presented in the article underscores thed through a period of profound environmental and societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multid a period of profound environmental and societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisc of profound environmental and societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisciplinaryf profound environmental and societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisciplinary approachenvironmental and societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisciplinary approach requiredtal and societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisciplinary approach required to and societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisciplinary approach required to unravel societal upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisciplinary approach required to unravel thel upheaval.
In summary, the research presented in the article underscores the multidisciplinary approach required to unravel the mysteriesval.
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