The Four Elements in Greek Cosmology
Greek philosophy supposed the Universe to comprise four elements: Fire, Water, Earth, and Air. Air was originally supposed to be a component of the Æther [ether, not to be confused with the gas], the element that filled the Universe in the absence of the other three. Empedocles referred to these as "roots" (rhizomata, ῥιζώματα), and proved that Air was a separate element by showing that a bowl filled with air inverted in water did not immediately fill with water, but retained a pocket of air. Notice that this shows by experiment that Air is something, rather than nothing. Aristotle was the first to call these roots "elements" (stoicheion, στοιχεῖον), the smallest unit of time on a sundial, or an indivisible unit. The same root appears in Stoichiometry, the branch of chemistry that deals with ratios between reactants and products. Note that the diagram includes multiple paired associations and opposites, in keeping with Aristotelian notions of dichotomy. Cold / Hot, and Wet / Dry are paired across the diagram. Water and Fire are fundamentally contrasted: fire rises, water falls (note directionality of their paired alchemical symbols). Water is by nature wet and cold, features it shares with Air and Earth, respectively. Fire is hot and dry, also shared in the same way. Air is wet or hot, according to the balance of moisture and heat. Transformations among Ice, Water, & Steam are not specifically accommodated in this scheme. The Four Elements can also be arranged in ascending order, from lower to higher. Earth rises out of Water, Air is above the Earth, and the Sun (Fire) is over all. (Al)Chemical reactions occur as the reactants try to return to their proper place in the series.
Other cultures recognize analogous arrangements. The Oriental I Ching (Book of Changes) comprises 64 hexagrams, each comprising two trigrams placed one on the other. Each trigram comprises three lines, broken Yin (--- ---) or unbroken Yang (-------). As there are 23 = 8 trigrams, there are 8
2 = 64 hexagrams. Divination is practiced by focused attention to a question, then composition of six Yin / Yang lines for the two trigrams. The oracle is consulted for the hexagram: as the same lines may be formed in different ways, moving or static, which adds further depth to the divination. The trigrams represent combinations of the same concepts of Fire, Water, Earth, & Air. For example, if trigram 7 for Fire occurs above trigram 8 for Water, this produces hexagram 38, "Fire in the Lake", the symbol of Revolution, used as the title of Frances Fitzgerald's Pulitzer-Prize winning history of Americans in Vietnam.Many commentators have noted the analogy between 64 in the I Ching and the Genetic Code, the latter as obtained as 43 = 64 triplets. It may be noted that the third (uppermost) line in any trigram has the least influence on meaning, just as the third letter of the Genetic Code may have little (two-fold degenerate) or no (four-fold degenerate) on the amino acid encoded.
All text material © 2022 by Steven M. Carr
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The article delves into Greek cosmology, attributing the composition of the universe to four elements: Fire, Water, Earth, and Air. The roots of this philosophical framework are credited to Empedocles, who referred to these elements as "roots" (rhizomata) and demonstrated the distinct nature of Air through experimentation.
Aristotle later coined the term "elements" (stoicheion), linking it to the smallest unit of time on a sundial or an indivisible unit. The article also draws connections to stoichiometry in chemistry, emphasizing ratios between reactants and products.
The paired associations and opposites in the diagram align with Aristotelian notions of dichotomy, such as Cold/Hot and Wet/Dry. Water and Fire are presented as fundamental contrasts, with fire rising and water falling. The nature of these elements is described in terms of qualities—Water and Earth share wetness and coldness, while Fire and Air share hotness and dryness.
The article also highlights the hierarchical arrangement of the elements, with Earth rising out of Water, Air above Earth, and Fire (the Sun) reigning over all. (Al)chemical reactions are described as attempts by reactants to return to their proper place in this series.
The article then draws parallels with the Oriental I Ching, a divination system comprising 64 hexagrams based on combinations of trigrams representing Fire, Water, Earth, and Air. The interpretation involves the arrangement of Yin and Yang lines, adding depth to the divination. The I Ching's hexagrams are compared to the Genetic Code, noting the analogy between 64 in the I Ching and the 64 triplets in the Genetic Code.
In essence, the article provides a rich exploration of ancient Greek cosmology, linking it to chemical concepts, philosophical dichotomies, and drawing cross-cultural connections with the I Ching and the Genetic Code. The depth of this analysis showcases the intricate interplay of elements in both Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.
