Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (2024)

The Environmental Cost of Fashion

The fashion industry represent an important part of our economies, with a value of more than 2.5 trillion $USD and employing over 75 million people worldwide. The sector has seen spectacular growth over the past decades, as clothing production doubled between 2000 and 2014. While people bought 60% more garments in 2014 than in 2000, they only kept the clothes for half as long (McKinsey & Company, 2016).

While the fashion sector is booming, increasing attention has been brought to the impressive range of negative environmental impacts that the industry is responsible for. Fashion production makes up 10% of humanity’s carbon emissions, dries up water sources, and pollutes rivers and streams. What’s more, 85% of all textiles go to the dump each year (UNECE, 2018), and washing some types of clothes sends significant amount of microplastics into the ocean.

The Environmental Footprint of Fast Fashion

  • The equivalent of one garbage truck full of clothes is burned or dumped in a landfill every second (UNEP, 2018)
  • Approximately 60% of all materials used by the fashion industry are made from plastic (UNEP, 2019)
  • 500,000 tons of microfibers are released into the ocean each year from washing clothes — the equivalent of 50 billion plastic bottles (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017)
  • The fashion industry is responsible for 8-10% of humanity’s carbon emissions – more than all international flights and maritime shipping combined (UNEP, 2018). If the fashion sector continues on its current trajectory, that share of the carbon budget could jump to 26% by 2050 (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017)
  • Some 93 billion cubic metres of water – enough to meet the needs of five million people – is used by the fashion industry annually, contributing significantly to water scarcity in some regions (UNCTAD, 2020)
  • Around 20% of industrial wastewater pollution worldwide originates from the fashion industry (WRI, 2017)

More facts and sources on Business Insider

Fast fashion also has a human cost: textile workers, primarly women in developing countries, are often paid derisory wages and forced to work long hours in appalling conditions (UNEP, 2018; WRI, 2019). In many places, these conditions create infringements on human rights (Human Rights Watch). Use of chemicals in clothes production also raise serious health concerns, both for the workers in the industry and consumers. Additional impacts on health also arise from the pollution described previously.

The environmental and social cost of the fashion industry forces us to rethink fast fashion, and stresses the need for more sustainable business models and practices. Resources hereunder provide additional information on the environmental impacts of fashion, and potential pathways for change.

Plastic in Textile

After the Second World War, the development of synthetic textiles, such as polyester and nylon, transformed the fashion industry. From only a few thousand tonnes in 1940, global consumption of synthetic fibres rose to more than 60million tonnes in 2018. Since the late 1990s, polyester is the most commonly used fibre in textiles. Today, an estimated 60% of clothing and 70 % of household textiles are made of synthetic fibres.

These plastic-based textiles have a significant impact on the environment and climate throughout their life cycle due to emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants. The textile sector is a growing contributor to the climate crisis, with about 1% of crude oil production used to produce synthetic fibres. The sector is also an important source of plastic leakage into the environment. Between 200 000 and 500 000 tonnes of microplastics from textiles enter the marine environment each year.

Consideration of the textile sector will thus be important for tackling the ongoing plastic crisis. Plastic pollution is one of the major environmental crises of our times, and efforts from various actors are underway to address it. This includes negotiations towards an international legally-binding agreement on plastic pollution, initiated by the resolution adopted at the UN Environment Assembly in March 2022. Learn more about the plastic pollution crisis, governance processes to address it and the work of Geneva-based organizations on the matter in our Plastics and the Environment series.

International Cooperation on Sustainable Fashion

As fashion value chains are globalized and the industry has a significant impact on the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), international cooperation is important to foster sustainable fashion.

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (1)

Impact of the fashion industry on the SDGs (UNECE, 2018)

Launched at the fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4), the UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion is seeking to halt the environmentally and socially destructive practices of fashion. The Alliance is improving collaboration among UN agencies by analyzing their efforts in making fashion sustainable, identifying solutions and gaps in their actions, and presenting these findings to governments to trigger policy. Additionally, the Forests for Fashion Initiative, led by UNECE, FAO, and partners, supports innovative solutions in fashion through sustainable forests-based materials. Several other international organizations are working on global efforts to foster more sustainable fashion. Additional information on these initiatives can be found in the links below.

World Cotton Day

Cotton is one of the most common fabrics used for clothes. Producing cotton sustains the livelihood of 28.67 million people and provides benefits to over 100 million families across the globe (WTO, 2020). Recognizing the critical role of cotton for economic development, international trade, and poverty alleviation, the UN General Assembly decided to proclaim World Cotton Day on 7 October (A/RES/75/318).

For its first edition, the day aims to highlight the importance of sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all in the cotton sector. Many actors in Geneva are involved in promoting sustainable production and consumption patterns in the cotton industry (see section below for details).

Cotton production can have consequent impacts on the planet due to the use of pesticides, high water consumption, and the conversion of habitat to agricultural use. Conventional production practices can result in soil erosion and degradation, water contamination, and other forms of pollution. Therefore, supporting sustainable models of cotton production is essential if we are to achieve the SDGs. Learn more about environmental sustainability in the cotton sector through the resources below.

Sustainable Fashion in Geneva

By alphabetical order

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (2)

Better Cotton Initiative

The Better Cotton Initiative (BCI), the largest cotton sustainability programme in the world, aims to make global cotton production better for the people who produce it, better for the environment it grows in and better for the sector’s future.

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (3)

International Labour Organization

ILO promotes decent work in the textiles, clothing, leather and footwear sector through social dialogue, knowledge sharing, international labour standards, capacity building, partnerships and policy support.

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (4)

ITC Ethical Fashion Initiative

EFI is a flagship programme of the International Trade Centre, which connects marginalised artisans from the developing world – the majority of them women – to international fashion houses for mutual benefit. EFI also hosts the Secretariat of the UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (5)

Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management

SAICM’s multi-stakeholder project on chemicals in products promotes information sharing and proposes cooperative actions to address chemicals contained in products, with textile being one of the focus areas.

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (6)

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNCTAD engages with circular economy and sustainable trade in the textile industry through research work and support to developing countries.

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (7)

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

UNECE’s work on trade in the textile and leather sector focuses on improving transparency and traceability in order to identify and address labor and human rights violations and environmental impacts while embracing more sustainable production and consumption patterns. UNECE also promotes sustainable innovation in the fashion sector through its work on sustainable forest products.

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (8)

World Business Council on Sustainable Development

The WBCSD support business initiatives for circular economy and sustainable consumption and production, including in the fashion industry.

UN system’s engagement is larger than the Geneva-based organizations presented here. Members of the UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion also include UNDP, UNEP, UN Global Compact, UNFCCC and UNOPS.

What Can I Do?

While international organizations, governments and businesses work on solutions to shift the fashion industry toward a more sustainable pathway, consumers can also play a role with their daily actions. This section provides resources on the actions individuals can take to support sustainability in their apparel choices.

Links

Further resources and events to learn about environmental sustainability in the fashion industry are provided below. This page is regularly updated.

Environmental Sustainability in the Fashion Industry (2024)

FAQs

What is environmental sustainability in fashion? ›

Sustainability in the fashion industry means promoting the well-being of people, communities, and the environment. The fashion industry — in company with other big energy consumers like agriculture and fuel — is in dire need of a thoughtful redesign.

How the clothing industry can be more environmentally sustainable? ›

Recycled and upcycled materials — such as fabrics made from second-hand clothing. Bio-based materials — such as cotton grown without pesticides or chemicals. Conventional materials that are naturally biodegradable — such as wool or silk.

What is the environmental impact of the fashion industry? ›

Fashion production makes up 10% of humanity's carbon emissions, dries up water sources, and pollutes rivers and streams. What's more, 85% of all textiles go to the dump each year (UNECE, 2018), and washing some types of clothes sends significant amount of microplastics into the ocean.

What is the environmental impact of the clothing industry Reading answer? ›

The clothing industry is problematic because it produces 1.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, 90% of clothes end up in landfills, and the process of clothing manufacture uses 93 billion metric tons of water each year.

How does sustainable fashion affect the environment? ›

SUSTAINABLE FASHION REDUCES YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT

Sustainable brands on the other side often use materials from natural or recycled fabrics that require significantly less to no chemical treatment, little water, less energy and no fertilizers or pesticides to grow.

What is an example of environmental sustainability? ›

Life below water: Avoiding the use of plastic bags to keep the oceans clean. Life on land: Planting trees to help protect the environment. Responsible consumption and production: Recycling items such as paper, plastic, glass and aluminum. Sustainable cities and communities: Biking, walking or using public ...

How can we reduce the environmental impact of the fashion industry? ›

Sustainable Fashion: how to reduce your environmental impact
  1. #1 Choose organic or recycled fabric. ...
  2. #2 Repair your clothes instead of buying new ones. ...
  3. #3 Second-hand shops are useful. ...
  4. #4 Buy clothes made with organic flax or hemp. ...
  5. #5 Choose locally-made clothes. ...
  6. #6 Choose transparent brands. ...
  7. #7 Wash your clothes correctly.
Sep 19, 2022

How do you achieve sustainability in fashion? ›

10 simple steps to being more sustainable
  1. Go beyond the 30 wears test. ...
  2. Be more informed. ...
  3. Change your attitude to shopping. ...
  4. Invest in trans-seasonal clothes. ...
  5. Donate your unwanted clothes. ...
  6. Look after your clothes so they last longer. ...
  7. Learn how to repair clothing yourself (or find a good tailor) ...
  8. Go for quality over quantity.
Sep 22, 2022

How important is sustainability in fashion industry? ›

In a survey conducted by McKinsey during the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, “67 percent [of respondents] consider the use of sustainable materials to be an important purchasing factor, and 63 percent consider a brand's promotion of sustainability in the same way.” Thus, consumers could push the fashion industry to ...

What are 3 impacts that fast fashion has on the environment? ›

Plastic fibres are polluting the oceans, the wastewater, toxic dyes, and the exploitation of underpaid workers. Fast fashion is big business, and while the environmental costs are rising, experts say there is another way: a circular economy for textiles.

What are four major environmental influences on fashion? ›

Name the four major environmental influences on fashion interest and demand in any era. 1. Market segmentation by geographics, demographics, psychographics, and behavior.

What is fast fashion and how does it impact the environment? ›

The Dark Side of Fast Fashion

According to an analysis by Business Insider, fashion production comprises 10% of total global carbon emissions, as much as the European Union. It dries up water sources and pollutes rivers and streams, while 85% of all textiles go to dumps each year.

Is sustainable fashion really sustainable? ›

Is Sustainable Fashion Completely Sustainable? If we're honest with you, what we call sustainable fashion right now is not actually, technically, truly sustainable. All fashion creates greenhouse gas emissions during manufacture and shipping. Less than 1% of clothing is recycled into new clothing.

How can fast fashion companies be more sustainable? ›

Be transparent about their supply chains. Partner with sustainable branding partners. Ensure their packaging is eco-friendly. Switch to a renewable energy provider.

How is climate change caused by fashion industry? ›

The ecological footprint of the textile sector

Due to lengthy supply chains and energy-intensive production methods, apparel and footwear industries generate 8–10% of global carbon emissions, superseding emissions from the aviation and shipping industries combined (European Parliament, 2021).

What are the pros and cons of sustainable fashion? ›

Advantages & disadvantages of sustainable fashion
AdvantagesDisadvantages
Durable and comfortable to wearQuality seals are still confusing
Resource-saving and environmentally friendlyThe look is often unfamiliar
Does not harm our healthFew stores currently have sustainable clothing sections
2 more rows
Jul 15, 2020

What are sustainable values in the fashion industry? ›

Principles of sustainable fashion

Some characteristics of sustainable fashion are: Conservation and proper use of natural resources that are necessary for the design and manufacture of garments. Low ecological impact of the materials used and that they can be recycled. Reduction of the carbon footprint.

How does sustainable fashion reduce waste? ›

Instead of creating new pieces of clothing from unethical materials, they could repurpose recycled fabrics. Sourcing materials from thrift stores and recycling plants gives manufacturers access to many sustainable fabric options.

What is environmental sustainability Short answer? ›

Environmental sustainability is the ability to maintain an ecological balance in our planet's natural environment and conserve natural resources to support the wellbeing of current and future generations.

What are the 4 main components of environmental sustainability? ›

However, it actually refers to four distinct areas: human, social, economic and environmental – known as the four pillars of sustainability.

What are the 3 environmental factors of sustainability? ›

Three pillars govern sustainability. These include social equity, economic viability, and environmental protection.

What is sustainable fashion examples? ›

Sustainable clothing refers to fabrics derived from eco-friendly resources, such as sustainably grown fiber crops or recycled materials. Sustainable clothing includes the use of second-hand retail repair and often utilizes upcycling and recycling of clothing. It also refers to how these fabrics are made.

How important is sustainability to consumers fashion? ›

Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the importance of fashion brand sustainability and consumers' decisions to buy sustainable clothing products. However, the sustainability of a fashion brand or product is among the least important factors in their purchasing decision.

What is sustainable fashion and why should we care? ›

Sustainable fashion seeks to reduce the environmental and social impact of clothing production by using materials that are renewable and sustainable, reducing energy use, minimizing waste and pollution, and ensuring fair working conditions for workers.

Why is sustainable fashion becoming popular? ›

Millennials and Gen-Z can see that ecological threats such as climate change or plastic pollution will affect their future. Unless these two generations act sustainably, they and their future generations will likely grow old in a world where much of the natural beauty has been destroyed.

How fast does fashion destroy the environment? ›

These unsold garments are often burned, as it's cheaper and easier for the company than finding a way to reuse or recycle them. Apart from wasting resources, the fast fashion industry pollutes waterways with toxic dyes, and increases the number of microfibres in the ocean through the use of fossil fuel-based fabrics.

Why is sustainability important? ›

Sustainable living practices not only help reduce pollution but also conserve natural resources like water and energy. Businesses and people that care about sustainability are also less likely to encroach upon the natural habitats of wild animals, thus helping protect the biodiversity of our planet.

What are 3 types of sustainable fashion? ›

  • Biodegradable or Recyclable Biodegradable. *Of natural origin. *Biologically decomposable. ...
  • New luxury *Produced in small scales. *Based on unique (designer/ artisan) expertise. ...
  • Second-hand and vintage *Pre-loved. *Compassionately shared. *Affordable. ...
  • Repaired, upcycled, and. upgraded. ...
  • Ethically made *Free from human exploitation.
Feb 3, 2023

What are the 7 environmental factors? ›

Environmental factors include temperature, food, pollutants, population density, sound, light, and parasites.

Why is sustainable fashion better than fast? ›

The main difference in fast vs. sustainable fashion is the amount of waste that each one produces. Sustainable fashion decreases waste by making clothing that is significantly better quality. Less waste leads to both less water pollution and fewer carbon emissions during production.

Why is slow fashion better for the environment? ›

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SLOW FASHION? With slower production schedules, smaller collections, zero waste designs, and the use of sustainable materials, Slow Fashion brands aim to reduce the textile waste and the consequent pollution.

What are some reasons why fast fashion is a problem for people or the environment? ›

Here are 6 Reasons Why Fast Fashion is Bad for the Environment
  • Fabric dyes dumped into local water supply. ...
  • Not much thought in the content of fibers. ...
  • Unnecessary packaging. ...
  • Returned garments end up in landfills or are incinerated. ...
  • Too quick to restock. ...
  • Social Impact.

What does environmental sustainability imply? ›

Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future.

How is Zara environmentally sustainable? ›

We have ambitious sustainable targets for our key raw materials. Our move to innovative, organic or recycled raw materials is a key path to transform our industry, reduce our emissions and use clean energy and water.

What are examples of eco fashion? ›

Here are some examples of sustainable fashion:
  • Organic & Natural materials. ...
  • Recycled materials. ...
  • Natural dyes. ...
  • Fairtrade. ...
  • Slow fashion. ...
  • Upcycling. ...
  • Ethical Practices. ...
  • Repair and maintenance:

What are the key factors in sustainable fashion? ›

Some characteristics of sustainable fashion are:
  • Conservation and proper use of natural resources that are necessary for the design and manufacture of garments.
  • Low ecological impact of the materials used and that they can be recycled.
  • Reduction of the carbon footprint.
Jul 18, 2022

Why is sustainable fashion so important? ›

Reduced Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Sustainable clothing uses biodegradable components from natural or recycled fibers. These materials grow with no pesticide or fertilizer use, consume less energy and water, and employ no chemical treatment, thus reducing the overall carbon footprint of these brands.

What is the goal of environmental sustainability? ›

The goal of environmental sustainability is to conserve natural resources and to develop alternate sources of power while reducing pollution and harm to the environment. For environmental sustainability, the state of the future – as measured in 50, 100 and 1,000 years is the guiding principle.

What are the benefits of environmental sustainability? ›

Societal Impact

By implementing changes, you will have a smaller carbon footprint and reduce the number of toxins released into the atmosphere. Future generations ultimately benefit from improved air and water quality, fewer landfills and more renewable energy sources.

How is H&M sustainable? ›

“They're made from at least 50% sustainably sourced materials – like organic cotton and recycled polyester — but many Conscious products contain a lot more than that. The only exception is recycled cotton which can only make up 20% of a product.

Is sustainable fashion actually sustainable? ›

Is Sustainable Fashion Completely Sustainable? If we're honest with you, what we call sustainable fashion right now is not actually, technically, truly sustainable. All fashion creates greenhouse gas emissions during manufacture and shipping. Less than 1% of clothing is recycled into new clothing.

Where is sustainable fashion most popular? ›

According to the research, the 10 countries most interested in sustainable fashion are: United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Iceland, Australia, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark and Canada.

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